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Publication
Vacinação por via nasal através de nanossistemas no combate do vírus Influenza
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| 1.97 MB | Adobe PDF |
Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
De acordo com o Programa Nacional de Vigilância da Gripe comprovou-se que
na quarta semana de 2019 a taxa de incidência da síndrome gripal, em Portugal, foi 89,3
por cada 100 mil habitantes, considerando-se uma atividade gripal epidémica de
intensidade moderada. Atualmente, a gripe é um problema de saúde pública com um
impacto significativo no sistema de saúde sendo responsável por inúmeras
hospitalizações, mortes e gastos económicos.
A vacinação é a metodologia mais eficaz na prevenção da gripe induzindo
respostas específicas de anticorpos para o trato respiratório. Assim, a mucosa nasal do
hospedeiro para além de ser o local de infeção viral, também é o local ideal para a
produção de uma resposta imunitária prevenindo a infeção.
Portugal implementou o Programa Nacional de Vacinação, contudo a
administração da vacina da gripe é considerada facultativa. Atualmente, a maioria das
vacinas contra o vírus da gripe são vacinas inativas de administração parenteral em que
a proteção contra o agente patogénico é apenas conseguida a nível sistémico.
Com o desenvolvimento de vacinas e introdução de novas estratégias, como a
administração por via nasal e a utilização de sistemas de entrega de antigénios, têm
emergido como uma ferramenta importante para promover uma resposta imunitária
sistémica e local, representando uma mais-valia contra agentes infeciosos do foro
respiratório.
Esta monografia apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica da utilização de
nanossistemas na produção de vacinas contra o vírus Influenza para administração
nasal. O trabalho descreve e comparar as vantagens da administração nasal, destacando
estudos com a utilização de nanossistemas pela via de administração nasal. Estes
estudos sugerem que a utilização de nanossistemas proporcionam maior tempo de
retenção na mucosa, contornando a problemática da depuração mucociliar,
aumentando, consequentemente, a absorção dos antigénios pelo epitélio com a
administração de doses mais baixas, havendo redução dos efeitos adversos da vacina.
According to the National Influenza Surveillance Program it was found that in the fourth week of 2019 the incidence rate of flu syndrome in Portugal was 89,3 per 100000 inhabitants, indicative of moderate-intensity epidemic influenza activity. Currently, influenza is a public health problem with a significant impact on the healthcare system and responsible for countless hospitalizations, deaths and significant economic expenditures. Vaccination is considered the most effective methodology for preventing influenza by inducing specific antibodies response in the respiratory tract. Thus, the host nasal mucosa, in addition to be the site of viral infection, is also the ideal place for creating an immune response preventing infection. Portugal implemented the National Vaccination Program; however, the administration of the flu vaccine is considered optional. Currently, most of influenza vaccines are parenteral inactivated vaccines and their protection against pathogens is only achieved at systemic level. The advances in vaccine development and the introduction of new strategies, such as nasal administration and the use of antigenic delivery systems, they have emerged as an important tool to promote a systemic and local immune response, representing an added value against respiratory tract infectious agents. This monograph presents a review of the use of nanosystems in the production of vaccines against influenza virus for nasal administration. Furthermore, the work describes and compares the advantages of the nasal administration of vaccines, highlighting studies with the use of nanosystems thought nasal administration route. These studies suggest that the use of nanosystems provides longer retention time in the mucosa, bypassing the problem of mucociliary clearance, consequently increasing the absorption of antigens by the epithelium with the administration of lower doses, reducing the adverse effects of the vaccine.
According to the National Influenza Surveillance Program it was found that in the fourth week of 2019 the incidence rate of flu syndrome in Portugal was 89,3 per 100000 inhabitants, indicative of moderate-intensity epidemic influenza activity. Currently, influenza is a public health problem with a significant impact on the healthcare system and responsible for countless hospitalizations, deaths and significant economic expenditures. Vaccination is considered the most effective methodology for preventing influenza by inducing specific antibodies response in the respiratory tract. Thus, the host nasal mucosa, in addition to be the site of viral infection, is also the ideal place for creating an immune response preventing infection. Portugal implemented the National Vaccination Program; however, the administration of the flu vaccine is considered optional. Currently, most of influenza vaccines are parenteral inactivated vaccines and their protection against pathogens is only achieved at systemic level. The advances in vaccine development and the introduction of new strategies, such as nasal administration and the use of antigenic delivery systems, they have emerged as an important tool to promote a systemic and local immune response, representing an added value against respiratory tract infectious agents. This monograph presents a review of the use of nanosystems in the production of vaccines against influenza virus for nasal administration. Furthermore, the work describes and compares the advantages of the nasal administration of vaccines, highlighting studies with the use of nanosystems thought nasal administration route. These studies suggest that the use of nanosystems provides longer retention time in the mucosa, bypassing the problem of mucociliary clearance, consequently increasing the absorption of antigens by the epithelium with the administration of lower doses, reducing the adverse effects of the vaccine.
Description
Keywords
Imunização através de nanossistemas Imunização nasal Nanopartículas Vacina da gripe Vírus Influenza