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A influência dos estilos de pensamento no julgamento moral
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Abstract(s)
Os estudos sobre julgamento moral, com recurso a dilemas morais, classificam as decisões em utilitárias ou deontológicas. A partir de um modelo dual de processamento de informação alguns teóricos associam às decisões utilitárias à uma maior deliberação (sistema lento, racional e consciente), enquanto as decisões deontológicas são associadas a respostas intuitivas e emocionais, baseadas em heurísticas (sistema rápido, sem esforço e inconsciente). No entanto, esta associação não é consensual, havendo estudos que procuram entender o processo de tomada de decisão a partir de diferenças individuais (traços de personalidade ou estilos de pensamento) e nos dilemas morais. Nesse contexto, o nosso principal objetivo foi avaliar a influência dos estilos de pensamento, racional e intuitivo na tomada de decisão moral. Para o efeito, foram avaliados 43 estudantes universitários, com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e 40 anos de idade (Média = 20.57 anos DP = 3.69). Numa primeira tarefa foram aplicados dois inventários de estilos de pensamento e um conjunto de vinte dilemas morais diversificados, de acordo com as categorias originalmente propostas por Christensen e colaboradores (2014) e traduzidas por Faísca, Inácio, Gamboa, Garcia e Martins (2017). Num segundo momento, recorreu-se ao método thinking-aloud com o objetivo de aceder às deliberações desenvolvidas pelos participantes durante o processo de decisão face a outros cinco dilemas morais. Os resultados sugerem que os estilos de pensamento não se associam às decisões morais e que sujeitos intuitivos, apesar de refletirem menos, não tendem a decidir deontologicamente. Através da análise das verbalizações produzidas durante o thinking-aloud, percebeu-se que o tipo de decisão moral é variável conforme os elementos presentes nos dilemas que sejam considerados mais ou menos relevantes para o sujeito (e.g., aspetos da vítima), e depende em parte da aplicação de regras morais, que tendem a nortear a reflexão (e.g., “salvar o máximo de pessoas”).
Research on moral judgment using moral dilemmas classify decisions as utilitarian or deontological. Based on a dual process model of information, some theorists associate utilitarian decisions with more deliberation (slow, rational and conscious system), while deontological decisions are associated with intuitive and emotional responses, based on heuristics (fast, effortless and unconscious system). However, this association is not consensual, and there are studies that seek to understand the decision-making process based on individual differences (personality traits or thinking styles) and moral dilemmas. In this context, our main objective was to evaluate the influence of rational and intuitive thinking styles on moral decision making. For that purpose, 43 university students aged between 18 and 40 years were evaluated (Mean age = 20.57; SD = 3.69). We applied in a first task two inventories of thinking styles and a set of twenty diversified moral dilemmas, according to the categories originally proposed by Christensen and colleagues (2014) and translated by Faísca, Inácio, Gamboa, Garcia and Martins (2017). Secondly, the thinking-aloud method was used to access the deliberations developed by the participants during the decision-making process in face of five other moral dilemmas. The results suggest that thinking styles are not associated with moral decisions and that intuitive subjects, although reflecting less, do not tend to decide deontologically. Through the analysis of the verbalizations produced during thinking-aloud, it was realized that the type of moral decision is variable according to the elements present in the dilemmas that are considered more or less relevant to the subject (e.g., features of the victim), and depends in part on the application of moral rules, that tend to guide reflection (e.g. “save many people”).
Research on moral judgment using moral dilemmas classify decisions as utilitarian or deontological. Based on a dual process model of information, some theorists associate utilitarian decisions with more deliberation (slow, rational and conscious system), while deontological decisions are associated with intuitive and emotional responses, based on heuristics (fast, effortless and unconscious system). However, this association is not consensual, and there are studies that seek to understand the decision-making process based on individual differences (personality traits or thinking styles) and moral dilemmas. In this context, our main objective was to evaluate the influence of rational and intuitive thinking styles on moral decision making. For that purpose, 43 university students aged between 18 and 40 years were evaluated (Mean age = 20.57; SD = 3.69). We applied in a first task two inventories of thinking styles and a set of twenty diversified moral dilemmas, according to the categories originally proposed by Christensen and colleagues (2014) and translated by Faísca, Inácio, Gamboa, Garcia and Martins (2017). Secondly, the thinking-aloud method was used to access the deliberations developed by the participants during the decision-making process in face of five other moral dilemmas. The results suggest that thinking styles are not associated with moral decisions and that intuitive subjects, although reflecting less, do not tend to decide deontologically. Through the analysis of the verbalizations produced during thinking-aloud, it was realized that the type of moral decision is variable according to the elements present in the dilemmas that are considered more or less relevant to the subject (e.g., features of the victim), and depends in part on the application of moral rules, that tend to guide reflection (e.g. “save many people”).
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Keywords
Julgamento moral Estilos de pensamentos Thinking-aloud Dilemas morais