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Contextos de incubação, redes e desempenho organizacional: criação de valor em incubadoras de empresas
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Abstract(s)
Este trabalho aborda o problema do desenvolvimento organizacional em incubadoras de empresas resultante dos contextos, dimensões e redes disponíveis no processo de incubação e é constituído por três linhas de investigação. A primeira aborda um estudo de caso no IPN-Incubadora, criado em 1991 pela Universidade de Coimbra, com 10 empresas em estágios diferentes (incubadas, em aceleração e graduadas) e tem como objetivo compreender o mecanismo de interação Universidade-Indústria através da promoção da inovação e transferência de tecnologia entre a academia e as empresas. A segunda baseia-se num estudo comparativo de 29 incubadoras portuguesas em dois momentos distintos (2009 e 2017) e visa comparar o processo de incubação registado nas incubadoras, em termos agregados e por tipo de incubadora. A terceira, pretende averiguar como determinados fatores do contexto de incubação e redes influenciam o desempenho organizacional através da criação de valor empresarial em uma amostra de 106 incubadoras em atividade em Portugal no ano de 2017.
No estudo de caso, dados primários foram coletados por meio de observação participante e focus group envolvendo a equipa de gestão do IPN. Entrevistas semiestruturadas foram realizadas com os fundadores de 10 empresas (4 incubadas, 3 em aceleração e 3 graduadas). Os resultados mostram um impacto positivo da incubação na internacionalização e crescimento de incubadas e empresas sob aceleração. No entanto, existe a necessidade de novos mecanismos de acompanhamento pós-incubação e um contexto que promova interações mais ricas com empresas graduadas. Conclui-se também que o IPN tem mais facilidade em estabelecer redes formais (em vez de redes informais). No estudo comparativo (2009 vs. 2017), os dados foram recolhidos por meio de questionário respondido em 2009 e 2017 pelos gestores das mesmas incubadoras (9 universitárias e 20 não universitárias). Os resultados sugerem uma melhoria do contexto e resultados de incubação em 2017 face a 2009, em termos agregados e por tipo de incubadora, com vantagem para as incubadoras universitárias. No entanto, há necessidade de uma maior atenção às políticas de saída e graduação, uma vez que os critérios de saída e os mecanismos de acompanhamento pós-incubação regrediram em 2017, denotando lacunas na atenção dada pelas incubadoras.
No estudo seccional 2017, os dados foram recolhidos através de questionário. Os resultados sugerem que o número de redes internas informais é superior ao de redes internas formais no processo de incubação. Em termos de tipo e dimensão da incubadora, as evidências mostram que as incubadoras universitárias são mais ativas no desenvolvimento de redes quando comparadas com incubadoras não universitárias; relativamente à dimensão em termos de capital humano, as incubadoras com mais dotação de pessoal têm uma oferta de redes mais extensa. Por outro lado, as redes externas (tanto formais como informais) estão positivamente associadas ao processo de internacionalização das empresas incubadas, e as incubadoras universitárias apresentam melhores resultados. Relativamente às vendas das incubadas, apenas as redes externas formais têm impacto. Em contraste nenhum tipo de redes está relacionado com a reputação dessas empresas.
As conclusões apuradas levaram à apresentação de recomendações à comunidade científica, a gestores de incubadoras e a decisores de políticas públicas.
This work addresses the problem of organizational development in business incubators resulting from the contexts, dimensions and networks available in the incubation process and it consists of three lines of research. The first one, a case study on the IPN-Incubator (created in 1991 by the University of Coimbra), focuses on 10 companies in different life-cycle stages (incubated, accelerated and graduated) aims to understand the mechanism of University-Industry interaction through the promotion innovation and technology transfer between academia and business. The second is based on a comparative study of 29 Portuguese incubators at two different points in time (2009 and 2017) and it compares the incubation process within incubators, both in aggregate terms and by type of incubator. The third one investigates how certain factors of the incubation context and networks influence the organizational performance through the creation of business value in a sample of 106 active incubators in Portugal in the year 2017. In the case study, primary data were collected through participant observation and focus group involving the IPN management team. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with the founders of 10 companies (4 incubated, 3 in acceleration and 3 graduates). The results show a positive impact of incubation on the internationalization and growth of incubates and companies under acceleration. However, there is a need for new post-incubation monitoring mechanisms and a context that fosters richer interactions with graduate firms. Another conclusion is that IPN is more prone to establish formal rather than informal networks. In the comparative study (2009 vs. 2017), the data were collected through a questionnaire answered in 2009 and 2017 by the managers of the same incubators (9 university and 20 non-university). The results suggest an improvement in the context and incubation results in 2017 as compared to 2009, in aggregate terms and by type of incubator, with particular improvements in university incubators. However, there is a need for greater attention to exit and graduation policies, since exit criteria and post-incubation monitoring mechanisms deserved less attention by incubators and decreased in 2017. In the 2017 sectional study, the data were collected through questionnaire. Results suggest that the number of informal internal networks is superior to that of formal internal networks in the incubation process. In terms of the type and size of the incubator, evidence shows that university incubators are more active in the development of networks when compared to non-university incubators; in terms of human capital, the incubators with more staff offer a wider network to incubatees. On the other hand, external networks (both formal and informal) are positively associated with the process of internationalization of incubated companies, and university incubators show better results. Concerning the sales of incubatees, only formal external networks have an impact. In contrast no type of networking is related to the reputation of these companies. The conclusions reached led to a set of recommendations for the scientific community, incubator managers and policy makers.
This work addresses the problem of organizational development in business incubators resulting from the contexts, dimensions and networks available in the incubation process and it consists of three lines of research. The first one, a case study on the IPN-Incubator (created in 1991 by the University of Coimbra), focuses on 10 companies in different life-cycle stages (incubated, accelerated and graduated) aims to understand the mechanism of University-Industry interaction through the promotion innovation and technology transfer between academia and business. The second is based on a comparative study of 29 Portuguese incubators at two different points in time (2009 and 2017) and it compares the incubation process within incubators, both in aggregate terms and by type of incubator. The third one investigates how certain factors of the incubation context and networks influence the organizational performance through the creation of business value in a sample of 106 active incubators in Portugal in the year 2017. In the case study, primary data were collected through participant observation and focus group involving the IPN management team. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with the founders of 10 companies (4 incubated, 3 in acceleration and 3 graduates). The results show a positive impact of incubation on the internationalization and growth of incubates and companies under acceleration. However, there is a need for new post-incubation monitoring mechanisms and a context that fosters richer interactions with graduate firms. Another conclusion is that IPN is more prone to establish formal rather than informal networks. In the comparative study (2009 vs. 2017), the data were collected through a questionnaire answered in 2009 and 2017 by the managers of the same incubators (9 university and 20 non-university). The results suggest an improvement in the context and incubation results in 2017 as compared to 2009, in aggregate terms and by type of incubator, with particular improvements in university incubators. However, there is a need for greater attention to exit and graduation policies, since exit criteria and post-incubation monitoring mechanisms deserved less attention by incubators and decreased in 2017. In the 2017 sectional study, the data were collected through questionnaire. Results suggest that the number of informal internal networks is superior to that of formal internal networks in the incubation process. In terms of the type and size of the incubator, evidence shows that university incubators are more active in the development of networks when compared to non-university incubators; in terms of human capital, the incubators with more staff offer a wider network to incubatees. On the other hand, external networks (both formal and informal) are positively associated with the process of internationalization of incubated companies, and university incubators show better results. Concerning the sales of incubatees, only formal external networks have an impact. In contrast no type of networking is related to the reputation of these companies. The conclusions reached led to a set of recommendations for the scientific community, incubator managers and policy makers.
Description
Keywords
Incubadora de empresas Contextos de incubação Redes Desempenho organizacional Portugal