Browsing by Author "Nunes, Martinique S."
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- A 5-(2-Pyridyl) tetrazolate complex of Molybdenum(VI), its structure, and transformation to a Molybdenum Oxide-Based Hybrid Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Epoxidation of OlefinsPublication . Nunes, Martinique S.; Gomes, Diana M.; Gomes, Ana C.; Neves, Patrícia; Mendes, Ricardo F.; Paz, Filipe A. Almeida; Lopes, A. D.; Valente, Anabela A.; Gonçalves, Isabel S.; Pillinger, MartynThere is a considerable practical interest in discovering new ways to obtain organomolybdenum heterogeneous catalysts for olefin epoxidation that are easier to recover and reuse and display enhanced productivity. In this study, the complex salt (H2pytz)[MoO2Cl2 (pytz)] (1) (Hpytz = 5-(2-pyridyl)tetrazole) has been prepared, structurally characterized, and employed as a precursor for the hydrolysis-based synthesis of a microcrystalline molybdenum oxide/organic hybrid material formulated as [MoO3 (Hpytz)] (2). In addition to single-crystal X-ray diffraction (for 1), compounds 1 and 2 were characterized by FT-IR and Raman spectroscopies, solid-state 13C{1H} cross-polarization (CP) magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated as olefin epoxidation catalysts using the model reaction of cis-cyclooctene (Cy8) with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), at 70 ◦C, which gave 100% epoxide selectivity up to 100% conversion. While 1 behaved as a homogeneous catalyst, hybrid 2 behaved as a heterogeneous catalyst and could be recovered for recycling without showing structural degradation or loss of catalytic performance over consecutive reaction cycles. The substrate scope was broadened to monoterpene DL-limonene (Lim) and biobased unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters, methyl oleate (MeOle), and methyl linoleate (MeLin), which gave predominantly epoxide products.
- A silicododecamolybdate/pyridinium-tetrazole hybrid molecular salt as a catalyst for the epoxidation of bio-derived olefinsPublication . Nunes, Martinique S.; Neves, Patricia; Gomes, Ana C.; Cunha-Silva, Luis; Lopes, Andre D.; Valente, Anabela A.; Pillinger, Martyn; Goncalves, Isabel S.The hybrid polyoxometalate (POM) salt (Hptz)(4)[SiMo12O40].nH(2)O (1) (ptz = 5-(2-pyridyl)tetrazole) has been prepared, characterized by X-ray crystallography, and examined as a catalyst for the epoxidation of cis-cyclooctene (Cy) and bio-derived olefins, namely dl-limonene (Lim; a naturally occurring monoterpene found in the rinds of citrus fruits), methyl oleate and methyl linoleate (fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) obtained by transesterification of vegetable oils). The crystal structure of 1 consists of alpha-Keggin-type heteropolyanions, [SiMo12O40](4-), surrounded by space-filling and charge-balancing 2-(tetrazol-5-yl)pyridinium (Hptz(+)) cations, as well as by a large number of water molecules of crystallization (n = 9). The water molecules mediate an extensive three-dimensional (3D) hydrogen-bonding network involving the inorganic anions and organic cations. For the epoxidation of the model substrate Cy in a nonaqueous system (tert-butylhydroperoxide as oxidant), the catalytic performance of 1 (100% epoxide yield at 24 h, 70 degrees C) was superior to that of the tetrabutylammonium salt (Bu4N)(4) [SiMo12O40] (2) (63% epoxide yield at 24 h), illustrating the role of the counterion Hptz(+) in enhancing catalytic activity. The hybrid salt 1 was effective for the epoxidation of Lim (69%/85% conversion at 6 h/24 h) and the FAMEs (87-88%/100% conversion at 6 h/24 h), leading to useful bio-based products (epoxides, diepoxides and diol products).
- A Molybdenum(VI) Complex of 5-(2-pyridyl-1-oxide)tetrazole: synthesis, structure, and transformation into a MoO3-Based hybrid catalyst for the epoxidation of Bio-OlefinsPublication . Nunes, Martinique S.; Gomes, Diana M.; Gomes, Ana C.; Neves, Patrícia; Mendes, Ricardo F.; Paz, Filipe A. Almeida; Lopes, Andre D.; Pillinger, Martyn; Valente, Anabela A.; Gonçalves, Isabel S.The discovery of heterogeneous catalysts synthesized in easy, sustainable ways for the valorization of olefins derived from renewable biomass is attractive from environmental, sustainability, and economic viewpoints. Here, an organic–inorganic hybrid catalyst formulated as [MoO3 (Hpto)]·H2O (2), where Hpto = 5-(2-pyridyl-1-oxide)tetrazole, was prepared by a hydrolysis– condensation reaction of the complex [MoO2Cl2 (Hpto)]·THF (1). The characterization of 1 and 2 by FT-IR and Raman spectroscopies, as well as 13C solid-state NMR, suggests that the bidentate N,O-coordination of Hpto in 1 (forming a six-membered chelate ring, confirmed by X-ray crystallography) is maintained in 2, with the ligand coordinated to a molybdenum oxide substructure. Catalytic studies suggested that 2 is a rare case of a molybdenum oxide/organic hybrid that acts as a stable solid catalyst for olefin epoxidation with tert-butyl hydroperoxide. The catalyst was effective for converting biobased olefins, namely fatty acid methyl esters (methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, methyl linolenate, and methyl ricinoleate) and the terpene limonene, leading predominantly to the corresponding epoxide products with yields in the range of 85–100% after 24 h at 70 ◦C. The versatility of catalyst 2 was shown by its effectiveness for the oxidation of sulfides into sulfoxides and sulfones, at 35 ◦C (quantitative yield of sulfoxide plus sulfone, at 24 h; sulfone yields in the range of 77–86%). To the best of our knowledge, 2 is the first molybdenum catalyst reported for methyl linolenate epoxidation, and the first of the family [MoO3 (L)x] studied for methyl ricinoleate epoxidation.
- Molybdenum(VI) complexes with ligands derived from 5-(2-pyridyl)-2H-tetrazole as catalysts for the epoxidation of olefinsPublication . Nunes, Martinique S.; Gomes, Ana C.; Neves, Patrícia; Mendes, Ricardo F.; Almeida Paz, Filipe A.; Lopes, André; Pillinger, Martyn; Gonçalves, Isabel S.; Valente, Anabela A.The development of effective catalytic epoxidation processes that are an alternative to stoichiometric non-selective oxidation routes is important to meet environmental sustainability goals. In this work, molybdenum (VI) compounds bearing 5-(2-pyridyl)-2H-tetrazole derivatives as organic components, namely the ionic and neutral mononuclear complexes (H2ptz)[MoO2Cl2(ptz)] (1) and [MoO2Cl2(tBu-ptz)] (2), and the new Lindqvist-type polyoxometalate (POM) [tBu-Hptz]2[Mo6O19] (3), where Hptz = 5-(2-pyridyl)tetrazole and tBu-ptz = 2-tert- butyl-5-(2-pyridyl)- 2H-tetrazole, were studied as epoxidation catalysts using readily available and relatively ecofriendly hydroperoxide oxidants, namely hydrogen peroxide and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP). The pre-pared catalysts were very active. For example, 100% cis-cyclooctene conversion and 100% epoxide selectivity were reached at 1 h for 1 and 3, and 10 min for 2 (with TBHP). Catalytic and characterization studies indicated that the mononuclear complexes suffered chemical transformations under the reaction conditions, whereas 3 was structurally stable. This POM acted as a homogeneous catalyst and could be recycled by employing an ionic liquid solvent. The POM can be synthesized from 2 under different conditions, including those used in the catalytic process. Moreover, 3 was an effective epoxidation catalyst for a biobased substrate scope that included fatty acid methyl esters and the terpene dl-limonene.