ICR2-Artigos (em revistas ou actas indexadas)
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Percorrer ICR2-Artigos (em revistas ou actas indexadas) por Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS) "12:Produção e Consumo Sustentáveis"
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- Archery technology in the neolithic: management of the mediterranean mixed forest and woodworking activities at La Marmotta (Italy)Publication . L, Caruso Fermé; Monteiro, Patrícia; V, Brizzi; M, Mineo; G, Remolins; N, Mazzucco; B, Morell; F, Gibaja J.Although Neolithic communities were characterized by an agricultural economy, the presence of bows in their archaeological record demonstrates the persistence of hunting activities. At La Marmotta, an underwater Early Neolithic site located in Lake Bracciano (Anguillara Sabazia, Italy), a considerable assemblage of preserved wooden tools was discovered some of them related to hunting activities demonstrating their reliance on woodland resources for technological purposes. Since wood was the main raw material for ancient bows, understanding how it was exploited is fundamental for reconstructing archery technology in prehistory. Here, we present the archaeobotanical analyses of 19 wooden bows found in La Marmotta. Taxonomic analysis identified the wood used as Carpinus sp. (9), Viburnum lantana (6), Alnus sp. (1), Cornus sp. (1), Fraxinus sp. (1), and evergreen Quercus sp. (1). The mechanical properties of these species are compatible with the crafting and use of bows although they are not the most usual wood, as shown by the archaeological record of Neolithic bows. This taxonomic diversity suggests that there was not a specific selection of wood based on mechanical/physical properties, which is coherent with La Marmotta wood acquisition modalities for the production of other tools and structures.
- Cooked or discarded? Experimental distinction of rabbit burnt bones and its application to the archaeological recordPublication . Alonso, Goizane; Rufà, Anna; Blasco, RuthLeporid bones from Middle Palaeolithic assemblages may result from the contributions of various predators, including humans, or natural processes. Although the acquisition, processing, and consumption of small mammals by Neanderthal groups has been widely demonstrated, there are still some unresolved issues. Cut marks are typically the most reliable indicators of human processing of carcasses. However, animals the size of rabbits often pose a challenge in this regard, as the use of stone tools is not always necessary for their consumption, particularly for meat or marrow extraction. Consequently, the quantity of these types of marks, such as cuts or hammer-stone percussion damage, indicating human processing, may be limited. Burning is another type of bone damage that could be indicative of human action, although both intentional and accidental processes could lead to the thermal alteration of remains without necessarily linking them to consumption. Therefore, efforts to distinguish the processes resulting in bone burning are of vital importance in determining the origin of these animals in archaeological assemblages. In this work, the results of several experimental series designed to characterise the roasting and subsequent cleaning of waste on rabbit bones are presented. These results confirm most of the characteristics described in previous experimental works on burnt bones, highlighting the differential damage between bones with and without meat. The current study aims to contribute new data for characterising burned rabbit bones resulting from human actions, which can then be applied to Middle Palaeolithic assemblages with this type of thermal alteration bone modifications.
- Experimental protocol for cooking rabbits and its archaeological implicationsPublication . Real, Cristina; Rufà, Anna; Carvalho, Milena; Pérez, Leopoldo; Haws, Jonathan; Sanchis, AlfredSmall prey such as rabbits are present in Middle Paleolithic and are abundant in the diet of Upper Paleolithic human groups in southwestern Europe, especially in the Iberian Peninsula. Several archaeological and experimental studies have attempted to relate anthropogenic modifications, in this case cut marks, to different processing and consumption activities. However, the data do not always give similar results, as the presence and quantity of cut marks is variable across time, geography, and anatomical elements. Therefore, the lack of clear answers forces us to hypothesize if these variations could be indicative of the choice of particular cooking, processing, and consumption patterns, including the aim of preserving the meat by drying or smoking. The first objective is to present an empirical methodology to resolve uncertainties about the processing and consumption patterns adopted by human groups in different temporal and geographical contexts. The second objective is to characterize the cut marks found on the bones and relate them to a cooking method. To achieve these objectives, the paper presents a complete experimental protocol. This protocol included three cooking methods (drying, smoking, roasting) that could have been used by Paleolithic human groups when processing rabbits. The results of these experiments are then analyzed in terms of time, weight loss, and the condition of the meat and marrow. Following this, the first results of the taphonomic study focusing on the cut marks identified on the experimental bones are reported. In addition, we critically review other experimental studies focusing on rabbits and compare their results with our own in order to present a comprehensive framework and discuss their archaeological implications.
- Microplastics hot spots at the South Iberian MarginPublication . Bebianno, Maria; Cristina, Sónia; Nathan, Justine; Goela, Priscila; Dias Duarte Fragoso, Bruno; Icely, John David; Moura, DelmindaThe persistent accumulation of microplastics (MPs) in sediments poses ecological risks to benthic organisms and contributes to the broader issue of marine pollution. This study quantitatively analysed MPs in sediments, water and mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis from eleven sites of the South Portuguese coast in two contrasting climatic seasons (summer and winter). MPs were detected in sediments, water, and M. galloprovincialis at all study sites, although their abundance, colour, size, and type varied across compartments, locations, and seasons. Three hot spots of MPs contamination were identified at the South Portuguese coast. In these areas, the concentration of MPs in sediments was three orders of magnitude higher than water and mussels. The MPs identified had distinct colour patterns: transparent particles dominated in sediments, while blue was the most common in water and mussels. A size-dependent accumulation pattern was observed in the sediments, suggesting selective retention of MPs according to natural particle size, and a relationship was observed between MP levels in sediments and in mussels. Polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) were dominant polymers in sediments while PP, PE and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were consistently present in water and mussels. Polybuthyl methachrylate (PBMA) was also detected in surface water and ingested by mussels. These findings suggest that variability in MPs abundance and polymer composition is linked to differences in local human activities. They also provide strong evidence for the importance of controlling land-based sources of MPs, particularly those transported to the coastal area by transported by rivers.
- Selective use of distant stone resources by the earliest Oldowan toolmakersPublication . Finestone, Emma M.; Plummer, Thomas W.; Ditchfield, Peter W.; Reeves, Jonathan S.; Braun, David R.; Bartilol, Simion K.; Rotich, Nelson Kiprono; Bishop, Laura C.; Oliver, James S.; Kinyanjui, Rahab N.; Petraglia, Michael D.; Breeze, Paul S.; Lemorini, Cristina; Caricola, Isabella; Obondo, Paul Owich; Potts, RichardThe adaptive shift that favored stone tool–assisted behavior in hominins began by 3.3 million years ago. However, evidence from early archaeological sites indicates relatively short-distance stone transport dynamics similar to behaviors observed in nonhuman primates. Here we report selective raw material transport over longer distances than expected at least 2.6 million years ago. Hominins at Nyayanga, Kenya, manufactured Oldowan tools primarily from diverse nonlocal stones, pushing back the date for expanded raw material transport by over half a million years. Nonlocal cobbles were transported up to 13 kilometers for on-site reduction, resulting in assemblage patterns inconsistent with accumulations formed by repeated short-distance transport events. These findings demonstrate that early toolmakers moved stones over substantial distances, possibly in anticipation of food processing needs, representing the earliest archaeologically visible signal for the incorporation of lithic technology into landscape-scale foraging repertoires.