ICArEHB
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Interdisciplinary Center for Archaeology and Evolution of Human Behaviour
Centro de investigação interdisciplinar em Arqueologia e evolução do comportamento humano
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Percorrer ICArEHB por Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS) "09:Indústria, Inovação e Infraestruturas"
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- Anthony E. Marks (1938–2025): pioneer of the palaeolithicPublication . Rose, Jeffrey Ian; Bicho, Nuno; Usyk, Vitaly I.; Winchell, FrankAnthony “Tony” Edward Marks passed away on August 15, 2025, at his home in Santa Fe, New Mexico, at the age of 87. Tony’s passing marks the end of a remarkable career in archaeology that spanned nine countries, four continents, and a quarter million years of prehistory. Not only did he fundamentally shape how we understand the Palaeolithic record, but he transformed our very perception of lithic technology, teaching us how to find the profound depth of meaning in stone. A proud New Yorker, Tony was born, raised, and edu¬cated in Manhattan. As a young student at Columbia Uni¬versity eager to pursue his love of European medieval art and churches, he was promptly taken aside by the anthropol¬ogy department head, Marvin Harris, who (rather forcefully as Tony would recall) urged him to stick with archaeology. Tony’s professional career began with the UNESCO Nubian salvage campaigns of the 1960s. As Lake Nasser rose behind the Aswan High Dam, Tony mapped prehistoric sites along the east bank of the Nile before their inundation. During the Nubian salvage project, he documented several key Palaeo¬lithic industries, including an array of assemblages defined by the presence of Nubian core technology. He could never know at the time how that discovery would unexpectedly resurface decades later, at the end of his career.
- A comparison of tool-use flexibility between captive chimpanzees and bonobosPublication . Bandini, Elisa; Harrison, Rachel; Hrubesch, Christine; Forss, SofiaDespite chimpanzees and bonobos sharing close phylogenetic ties to humans, chimpanzees are the more common model species in multiple fields of comparative research. One reason for this bias is the variation in tool repertoire size observed between the two species. Previous studies have examined the factors driving this difference, but few have targeted flexibility in how tools are used. We studied bonobos and chimpanzees under similar conditions in captivity, thus excluding any ecological variation present in these species’ natural habitats. We examined whether the species differed in their ability to switch between tools, a trait that may facilitate tool innovation in primates. To do so, we provided the apes with a task that required switching tool type from a rigid stick to a bendable rope to forage successfully. Our data suggest that there are no significant differences in tool-use performance between chimpanzees and bonobos in captivity. However, we found significant differences in the species’ exploration tendencies. While chimpanzees fixed their attention on stick tools, bonobos switched their attention more easily towards the rope, potentially due to less functional fixedness. We also found significant within-species differences between institutions. These findings suggest that future research should disentangle intrinsic flexibility in exploration and account for institution and group level effects.
- Deciphering the diet of the iberian iynx: insights from taphonomic analysis of pleistocene coprolitesPublication . Rufà, Anna; Sanz, Montserrat; Daura, JoanPleistocene deposits often result from multiple and overlapping contributions. Carnivores play a significant role as bone accumulators in archaeological sites, but identifying the specific agent responsible for a particular accumulation can be challenging. Referential studies provide valuable insights into bone accumulation patterns, but they are based on modern collections and often fail to account for taphonomic biases associated with site formation processes. Here, we present, for the first time, a taphonomic study focused on fossilised Pleistocene Iberian lynx coprolites within the European context. The assemblage, dated to ca. 33 ky B.P., was recovered from layer III of Cova del Gegant, a site identified as a lynx den likely used for rearing cubs. This study is based on previous research at the site and analyses bone remains consumed by the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus), recovered from coprolites, to investigate their role in archaeological contexts. The findings are consistent with other lynx accumulations documented in literature, particularly regarding leporid remains. The anatomical proportions in this assemblage are more balanced than other types of accumulations, with a higher representation of cranial elements. Digestive damage is predominant, affecting most bones, especially at moderate and strong degrees. These results enhance our understanding of archaeological accumulation processes and highlight the role of lynxes as bone accumulators. The archaeological evidence from the site indicates that the Iberian lynx inhabited environments and climates that differ significantly from those currently observed. However, the present study suggests that its diet remained relatively consistent with that of contemporary Iberian populations.
- Earliest evidence for intentional cremation of human remains in AfricaPublication . Cerezo-Román, Jessica I.; Sawchuk, Elizabeth; Schilt, Flora Cecilia; Bertacchi, Alex; Buckley, Gina; Chibisa, Edwin; Fahey, B. Patrick; Falchenberg, Sofia Gunilla Hedman; Kaliba, Potiphar; Kennett, Douglas J.; Mercader, Julio; Pargeter, Justin; Stock, Jay; Szymanski, Ryan; Thompson, Jessica C.Human cremation on an open pyre demands intensive labor, communal resources, and sensory exposures. We report the earliest evidence for intentional cremation in Africa, the oldest in situ adult pyre in the world, and one of only a few associated with hunter-gatherers. A large cremation feature at Hora 1 in Malawi dates to similar to 9500 years ago and contains the remains of a small, gracile adult with evidence for perimortem defleshing and postcremation manipulation. Subsequent revisiting of the site to build fires in the same place provided additional pyrotechnological spectacles. High-resolution, multiproxy reconstruction of the ritual associated with cremation and its subsequent deposition demonstrates complex mortuary practices among ancient African foraging groups with substantial social investment and use of natural landscape features as persistent mortuary monuments.
- Homo erectus adapted to steppe-desert climate extremes one million years agoPublication . Mercader, Julio; Akuku, Pamela; Boivin, Nicole; Camacho, Alfredo; Carter, Tristan; Clarke, Siobhán; Temprana, Arturo Cueva; Favreau, Julien; Galloway, Jennifer; Hernando, Raquel; Huang, Haiping; Hubbard, Stephen; Kaplan, Jed O.; Larter, Steve; Magohe, Stephen; Mohamed, Abdallah; Mwambwiga, Aloyce; Oladele, Ayoola; Petraglia, Michael; Roberts, Patrick; Saladié, Palmira; Shikoni, Abel; Silva, Renzo; Soto, María; Stricklin, Dominica; Mekonnen, Degsew; Zhao, Wenran; Durkin, PaulQuestions about when early members of the genus Homo adapted to extreme environments like deserts and rainforests have traditionally focused on Homo sapiens. Here, we present multidisciplinary evidence from Engaji Nanyori in Tanzania’s Oldupai Gorge, revealing that Homo erectus thrived in hyperarid landscapes one million years ago. Using biogeochemical analyses, precise chronometric dating, palaeoclimate simulations, biome modeling, fire history reconstructions, palaeobotanical studies, faunal assemblages, and archeological evidence, we reconstruct an environment dominated by semidesert shrubland. Despite these challenges, Homo erectus repeatedly occupied fluvial landscapes, leveraging water sources and ecological focal points to mitigate risk. These findings suggest archaic humans possessed an ecological flexibility previously attributed only to later hominins. This adaptability likely facilitated the expansion of Homo erectus into the arid regions of Africa and Eurasia, redefining their role as ecological generalists thriving in some of the most challenging landscapes of the Middle Pleistocene.
- Las ocupaciones tardiglaciares de la Cova de Les Borres (La Febró, Tarragona)Publication . Ramón Rabuñal, José; Soto, María; Ignacio Morales, Juan; Lombao, Diego; Soares Remiseiro, Miguel; Fernández-Marchena, Juan Luis; Vallverdú, JosepEn este artículo se presentan los trabajos arqueológicos desarrollados entre 2012 y 2015 en la Cova de Les Borres (La Febró, Tarragona). Los nuevos datos cronoestratigráficos y los materiales arqueológicos analizados derivan de los tres niveles principales identificados hasta el momento, que datan de mediados del GI-1 (Nivel 2), finales del GI-1/inicios del GS-1 (Nivel 1.2) y presumiblemente del GS-1 (Nivel 1.1). La secuencia documentada resulta de gran relevancia para el estudio de las dinámicas de evolución tecnológica y cultural durante el final del Pleistoceno en el NE peninsular, al ser uno de los escasos yacimientos conocidos con ocupaciones sucesivas durante el GI-1 y el GS-1, asociadas al Magdaleniense Superior Final y al Sauveterroide.
- Quantifying the effect of heating temperature on silcrete blank productionPublication . Watson, Sara; Li, Li; Mackay, AlexIn southern Africa, heat treatment of silcrete is documented by ~164 ka and is considered an important technological innovation, allowing knappers to improve the flaking properties of rocks for lithic blank production. Previous research has explored structural, mechanical, and geochemical changes in silcrete during heat treatment, but most studies have not explored the implications of those transformations for the blanks produced. Experiments that have examined the effects of heat treatment on blank production tend to rely on replicative flintknapping, where small changes in the way a blank is removed can create “noise.” In this study, we provide quantitative data to understand the effects of silcrete source and heating temperature on blank production using a flaking machine to isolate the effects of heat treatment on blank morphol ogy. Our results show changes in absolute blank dimensions, and in the frequency of abrupt terminations as a result of heat treatment. However, the benefits of heat treatment may only occur within a limited temperature range and are heavily source dependent. This suggests that we should reconsider broad generalizations about the role of heat treatment in lithic technology and its supposed benefits and focus more on silcrete source and source-based effects on blank production.
- Quatrocentos anos de percursos da pré-história em Portugal e seus principais protagonistasPublication . Cardoso, João LuisÍNDICE GERAL ISALTINO MORAIS - Apresentação LUIZ OOSTERBEEK - Prefácio I. Coleccionadores de fósseis: os dentes de tubarão miocénicos das estações pré‑históricas portuguesas II. O mais antigo registo conhecido da escavação de uma estação pré‑histórica em Portugal. São Torpes e a sua sepultura da foz da ribeira da Junqueira (Sines) III. Os estudos arqueológicos na Academia Real da História Portugueza IV. Em busca das nossas origens pré‑históricas: uma resenha da Historiografia portuguesa V. Primórdios dos estudos pré-históricos em Portugal: Os concheiros mesolíticos de Muge (Salvaterra de Magos) e a Memória pioneira de Francisco António Pereira da Costa sobre o concheiro do Cabeço da Arruda VI. Báculos e placas de xisto: os primórdios da sua investigação VII. Carlos Ribeiro (1813‑1882), a segunda parte da “Descripção do solo quaternário das bacias hydrographicas dos rios Tejo e Sado”, o “Homem terciário” e os concheiros mesolíticos do vale do Tejo VIII. Carlos Ribeiro e Oeiras. Razões de uma Homenagem IX. Joaquim Filipe Nery Delgado (1835‑1908), arqueólogo X. A primeira escavação arqueológica metodologicamente moderna foi realizada em Portugal em 1879/1880: a intervenção de Nery Delgado na gruta da Casa da Moura (Óbidos, Portugal) XI. Frederico de Vasconcelos Pereira Cabral, pioneiro da Geologia do Quaternário e da Pré‑história portuguesas XII. As explorações arqueológicas realizadas em Monte Real (Leiria em 1865 por Frederico Augusto de Vasconcelos Pereira Cabral ou a história de uma placa de xisto gravada pré‑histórica XIII. A investigação da antiguidade do Homem no Portugal de Oitocentos: um contributo para a História da Ciência XIV. Nos 190 anos do nascimento de Sebastião Philippes Martins Estácio da Veiga (1828‑1891) XV. José Leite de Vasconcelos (1858‑1941): o médico, o humanista e o homem XVI. António dos Santos Rocha, arqueólogo e pré‑historiador XVII. Francisco Tavares de Proença Júnior (1883‑1916) no quadro da Arqueologia portuguesa do início do século XX XVIII. António Inácio Marques da Costa (1857‑1933), Setúbal, Tróia e a Arrábida: percursos de um pioneiro dos estudos arqueológicos regionais em Portugal vistos pela correspondência enviada a José Leite de Vasconcelos XIX. Manuel Vieira Natividade (1860‑1918) e a Arqueologia de Alcobaça no centenário do seu nascimento XX. Joaquim Fontes, primórdios de um arqueólogo XXI. Arqueólogos portugueses nas Astúrias nos inícios do Século XX XXII. Olhares pioneiros: a obra arqueológica de Aristides de Amorim Girão XXIII. O Professor Mendes Corrêa e a Arqueologia portuguesa: breve síntese XXIV. O Professor Mendes Corrêa (1888‑1960) e as investigações sobre o Homo afer taganus dos concheiros mesolíticos de Muge XXV. A defesa do Património Arqueológico em confronto na segunda década do século XX: o caso do dólmen de Pedralta (Côta, Viseu) XXVI. Manuel Heleno, arqueólogo: nos 50 anos da sua última lição XXVII. Abel Viana (1896‑1964): uma vida de arqueólogo XXVIII. Afonso do Paço, Eugénio Jalhay e as escavações de Vila Nova de São Pedro (1937‑1967): os contributos científicos possíveis e sua projecção internacional XXIX. Henri Breuil e a Arqueologia portuguesa. Primórdios de uma longa actuação XXX. Reconhecidos a Georges Zbyszewski (Palavras Proferidas na Sessão Inaugural do Encontro) XXXI. Georges Zbyszewski (1909‑1999) XXXII. O. da Veiga Ferreira (1917‑1997): sua vida e obra científica XXXIII. Uma colaboração de afectos. Vera Leisner (1885‑1972) e O. da Veiga Ferreira (1917‑1997) XXXIV. A Lapa do Bugio (Sesimbra): história das escavações realizadas XXXV. Manuel Farinha dos Santos (1923‑2001) XXXVI. José Pires Gonçalves: um médico no “Paraíso megalítico” de Reguengos de Monsaraz XXXVII. Para a História das investigações pré‑históricas em Cascais: um breve ensaio, lembrando João Cabral CARLOS FABIÃO – Posfácio
- Renewed impetus for stone age research in the eastern free state (South Africa) centred on Rose Cottage CavePublication . Schmid, Viola C.; Wadley, Lyn; Brandl, Michael; Guillemard, Iris; Rhodes, Sara; Taipale, Noora; Witelson, David M.; Börner, Mario; Rots, Veerle; Cnuts, Dries; Hodgskiss, Tammy; Murungi, May; Nigst, Philip R.; Porraz, Guillaume; Puech, Elysandre; Stahlschmid, Mareike C.; Stelzer, Stefanie; Teyssandier, Nicolas; Tribolo, Chantal; Val, Aurore; Van Schalkwyk, Len; Archer, WillRose Cottage Cave is widely recognised as a key sequence for the Middle Stone Age and Later Stone Age in the southern African central interior, with its unique palaeoenvironmental and chronocultural archive spanning a semi-continuous record from the Late Pleistocene to the 19th century. Building on important previous research, new excavations will extend our knowledge concerning technological systems, landscape use, human-environment interactions, as well as site formation and the linkages between these parameters in a regional context. Here we report on preliminary insights from the recent fieldwork and provide an overview of future directions.
- Stone tool shaping without direct cultural transmissionPublication . Ferar, Nolan; Moos, Elena T.; Karakostis, Fotios Alexandros; Snyder, William D.; Bolzmann, Maria; Haas, Michael; Kainz, Emanuela; Rau, Leonie; Sailer, Emil; Schönle, Jannik; Moore, Mark W.; Tennie, ClaudioWhile environment and biology play important roles, the complexity and variability of human life today depends in many ways on special cultural processes. Terminologies differ, but the key insight is that these processes are required to enable and to produce copies of behavior or artifacts that otherwise lie fully or partly beyond individual reach. Such “know-how copying” has proven rare in the animal kingdom, and is nearly or fully absent in contemporary apes, suggesting an evolution in hominins. It has been claimed that the earliest widely accepted instances of shaped stone artifacts – handaxes, which appear with the Acheulean (c. 1.9–1.6 Mya) – must have required know-how copying. The argument holds that the knowledge of how to shape (shaping know-how) handaxes is beyond individual reach in principle. If true, handaxes would be a valid marker for the presence of know-how copying. We tested this specific claim in two complementary studies using the “puppet method,” a new methodology that experimentally disentangles knapping know-how and shaping know-how. Knapping-naïve “puppeteers” were tasked with replicating target shapes by directing the flake removals of an expert “puppet” knapper, who was not shown the target shapes. As a validation of the puppet method, we first tested if knappingnaïve puppeteers could shape glass blanks into novel, non-archaeological shapes (Arbitrary Shape Study). Two types of analyses, a sorting task and geometric morphometric analyses, confirmed that they could. We then tested whether knapping-naïve puppeteers could replicate an Acheulean handaxe target shape in stone by directing the puppet knapper (Handaxe Study). Three expert lithic archaeologists independently classified the outcomes and confirmed that naïve participants successfully created handaxe shapes. Across both studies, our findings indicate that not all shaping know-how requires direct access to cultural models, and this also holds true for handaxe shaping per se. This conclusion aligns with recent calls for a reorientation in the search for the origins of knowhow copying in the hominin lineage.