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- 40,000 years later: what we know about the presence of Neanderthals in Portuguese territory and their extinctionPublication . Cardoso, João Luis; Cascalheira, JoãoBrief presentation of the theme addressing the history of investigations carried out in Portugal about the presence of Neanderthals, the sites with anhtropological and archaeological record and their antiquity. Considering their close resemblance with our own species and long‑term success across Eurasia, Neanderthals ought to have had all it takes to persist. However, sometime between c. 45,000 and 30,000 years ago, Neanderthals ultimately disappear from the archaeological record, being replaced by modern humans. This cultural and biological replacement process is considered one of the most significant turning points in human evolutionary history. In recent years, knowledge of the processes involved in the disappearance of the Neanderthals and the successful expansion of our species across Eurasia has substantially increased. Still, the spatiotemporal variability of the presumed mechanisms behind Neanderthals’ demise – climate change, fragile demography, inter‑species competition – makes evaluating the replacement at a continental scale very challenging. The Iberian Peninsula, due to its cul‑de‑sac position and the role of its southern regions as one of the last refugia for the Neanderthals, represents an ideal natural setting for testing models of cultural and demographic trajectories leading to the final disappearance of those populations. Focusing on the Iberian archaeological record, in this paper we address the current state of the art and future directions regarding the study of the latest Neanderthals on earth.
- A anta de Monte Serves (Vialonga, Vila Franca de Xira, Lisboa): arquitectura, cronologia e integração sócio‑cultural de um pequeno sepulcro megalíticoPublication . Andrade, Marco António; Cardoso, João Luis; Mataloto, Rui; Moita, Patrícia; Pereira, André; Pimenta, JoãoThe dolmen of Monte Serves, located in Vila Franca de Xira (Lisbon peninsula), corresponds to a small megalithic tomb with a trapezoidal plan built using limestone slabs. It was identified in 1972 by Octávio da Veiga Ferreira, being excavated that same year under the direction of Christopher Thomas North. In 2014, within the scope of the project MEGAGEO – Moving Megaliths in the Neolithic, this monument was the subject of new archaeological works, directed by Rui Boaventura and João Luís Cardoso, intending to define its specific architecture and the respective construction sequences, mainly regarding the Tumulus and the Atrium areas. Despite the practical absence of votive materials, it was possible to collect human osteological samples, thus allowing to perform radiocarbon dating – whose average result places at least one use episode of this tomb (not necessarily its first) in the transition from the first to the second quarter of the 3rd millennium BCE (median probability: 2706 cal BCE 2σ; mean: 2715 cal BCE 2σ). Indeed, this result differs greatly from the chronological framework established for this type of small tombs in Southwestern Iberia (mid‑4th millennium BCE), but is close to the chronology (relative and absolute) documented in the contiguous funerary contexts of Casal do Penedo and Verdelha dos Ruivos, as well as in the settlements of Moita da Ladra and Pedreira do Casal do Penedo, culturally included in the typical Chalcolithic of Portuguese Estremadura. This paper thus intends to present the results obtained with the excavation of this small tomb, in terms of its architecture and chronology, framing it within the socio‑cultural dynamics documented in Lower Extremadura during the Neolithic and Chalcolithic, mainly regarding the origin and development of the megalithic phenomenon.
- Antes da Arqueologia. As antas no imaginário popular e erudito do povo portuguêsPublication . Cardoso, João Luís; Mataloto, Rui;Os autores abordam a importância das antas no imaginário popular e erudito das comunidades portuguesas, muito anterior ao reconhecimento da sua relevância científica e valor arqueológico. Essa importância é evidenciada na toponímia antiga, onde abundam termos derivados da estrutura dos monumentos megalíticos ou dos montículos que, por vezes, ainda os cobriam. São sublinhadas as primeiras publicações científicas dedicadas ao tema, onde se destaca o pioneirismo de Francisco Pereira da Costa, que em 1868 descreve os resultados de escavações realizadas em antas na região de Castelo de Vide.
- Contributo para o corpus artefactual metálico do Bronze Final em território português: a pregariaPublication . Ávila Melo, Ana; Cardoso, João LuisIn this article the authors present for the first time two types of nails with long stems from two Late Bronze Age sites in Estremadura, western Portugal. More recently another nail with long stem and a gold conic head was found in a site in southern Portugal of the same age. The rarity of this type of artifacts justified its characterization, which has now been realized.
- Os dois episódios de utilização da anta do Alto da Feteira (Pombal, Leiria) e o Megalitismo no litoral‑centro do território português, entre o Neolítico Médio e o Neolítico FinalPublication . Cardoso, João Luis; Andrade, Marco AntónioThe dolmen of Alto da Feteira (municipality of Pombal, district of Leiria) corresponds to a megalithic tomb built using local limestone slabs, identified and excavated in the 1960s by Luís de Albuquerque e Castro and Octávio da Veiga Ferreira, having provided a votive set indicating two probable use phases: a first one, relating to the Middle Neolithic, characterized by the presence of geometric armatures, small unretouched flint blades and bladelets, bracelets on Glycymeris valve and probably polished stone tools in sillimanite; a second one, already related to the Late Neolithic (which may extend to the Early Chalcolithic), characterized by the presence of arrowheads, halberds, large retouched flint blades, pottery (including carinated bowls), sandstone and greywacke plaques and adornment elements (including bone pins with channelled head and «green stone» and lignite beads). For this last phase, radiocarbon dating is available, centred on the last third of the 4th millennium BC (median probability: 3210 cal BCE 2σ; mean: 3243 cal BCE 2σ). This paper intends to present the integrated study of this monument, describing two use moments immediately succeeding in Time, framing it in the context of Megalithism in the coastal centre of the Portuguese territory (between the northern edges of the Estremadura Limestone Massif and the lower course of the Mondego River), and in the evolutionary levels of the megalithic phenomenon in Western Iberia, between the Middle Neolithic and the Late Neolithic.
- EcoPLis a pré-história no Rio Lis, da serra ao AtlânticoPublication . Pereira, Telmo; Carvalho, Vânia; Holliday, Trenton; Paixão, Eduardo; Monteiro, Patrícia; Évora, Marina; Marreiros, Joao; Assis, Sandra; Nora, David; Matias, Roxane; Simões, CarlosOur research focuses on the use of valleys that link the inland to the coast during Prehistory. Traditionally, research has studied rivers, coast and inland as separate landscapes, but the major characteristic of hunter-gatherers was mobility. In order to understand and reconstruct the evolution of human behaviour, our main goal is to answer the questions: “How, why and when did people circulate between these different ecological landscapes?” and “What was the impact of the major climatic shifts on that mobility?” To answer these questions our archaeological project includes survey, testing, and the excavation of archaeological sites, using high-resolution field and laboratory methodologies in order to contribute significantly to the understanding of ecological behaviour of Prehistoric populations, including extinct human species such as Neanderthals.
- Estratégias alimentares dos animais domésticos do povoado de Leceia (Oeiras, Portugal) durante a transição do 4.º para o 3.º milénio a.C.: uma abordagem a partir dos isótopos estáveisPublication . Navarrete, Vanessa; Cardoso, João Luis; Dias, Cristina Barrocas; Detry, Cleia; Curto, Ana; Waterman, Anna J.; Wright, Elizabeth; Maurer, Anne‑FranceIn this article, we analyse faunal samples from the Late Neolithic (Layer 4) and Early Chalcolithic (Layer 3) levels of the fortified settlement of Leceia (Oeiras, Portugal) in order to understand the management of the feeding of domestic animals recovered in these excavations. Through the analyses of stable isotopes of δ13C and δ15N in bone collagen, we aim to characterise the grazing systems and the maintenance strategies of the livestock that were consumed and raised in Leceia, in an attempt to obtain a further perspective on the economic complexity of the fortified settlements that emerged during the 3rd millennium in Portuguese Extremadura. The results show the possible use of forage to feed the animals and also seem to indicate the use of fertilised fields. This demonstrates that animal production is already based on intentional practices of animal and land management, as well as on complex exchange networks.
- Estratigrafia II – Quadros das divisões estratigráficasPublication . Cardoso, João Luis; Dias, Rui; Sousa, M. J. Lemos de; Moreira, Patrícia; Rodrigues, Cristina F. A.; Salgado, Ana; Sousa, M. J. Lemos de; Antunes, M. Telles; Salgado, AnaDois anos volvidos, um novo volume do Thesaurus vê agora a luz do dia — trata da Estratigrafia, mais concretamente dos Quadros das Divisões Estratigráficas.
- Estruturas de combustão identificadas no povoado pré-histórico de Leceia (Oeiras)Publication . Cardoso, João LuisAll combustion structures identified in the prehistoric settlement of Leceia (Oeiras) are inventoried, distributed across a vast chronology corresponding to the Late Neolithic (ca. 3400-2900 BC), the Early Chalcolithic (ca. 2800-2500 BC) and the Full/Late Chalcolithic. (ca. 2500-2000 BC). The remarkable number of identified combustion structures, which reaches twenty-five, despite the general analogy between them, which is explained by the similarity of functions, allowed the identification of eight variants, duly characterized. This is the first contribution dedicated to the systematic study of combustion structures existing in a large prehistoric settlement in Portuguese territory.
- Estudo dos mamíferos da ocupação fenícia (século IX a.C.) de La Rebanadilla (Málaga): um primeiro contributoPublication . Cardoso, João Luis; Sánchez, Vicente Marcos; Martins, Filipe; Galindo, Lorenzo; Calvo, Francisco J. Núñez; Martín, Alfredo Mederos; Padilla, José Suárez; Serrano, Bartolomé Mora; Córdoba, Emilio MartínNeste artigo estudam-se os restos faunísticos da primeira fase urbana da ocupação fenícia de La Rebanadilla (Málaga), correspondendo à Fase IV, dos finais do séc. IX a.C., provenientes de um conjunto de fossas escavadas no substrato natural. Observou-se claro predomínio de animais domésticos, representados, por ordem decrescente, pelos caprinos (ovelhas e cabras) e boi doméstico. Residualmente identificaram-se outros animais de grande, médio e pequeno porte: porco/javali, auroque, cavalo e coelho. Foram observadas acções antrópicas, tais como marcas de corte e vestígios de fogo bem como outras modificações presentes na superfície dos ossos. A comparação destes resultados faunísticos com os obtidos em outras estações arqueológicas da mesma época evidencia o domínio dos animais domésticos na economia destas populações, e consequentemente o escasso aproveitamento dos recursos cinegéticos, revelador de comunidades estáveis e complexas, com uma economia de produção especializada.
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