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- Possible evidence for sea salt production by solar evaporation at a newly discovered submerged neolithic site off the Carmel Coast, IsraelPublication . Galili, Ehud; Eshed, Vered; Friesem, David E.; Ogloblin Ramirez, IsaacThe submerged Early Holocene landscape of the Carmel Coast (Israel) has yielded remarkable evidence of Neolithic settlements and their associated material culture, preserved on and within the seafloor. Here, we report on the preliminary documentation of a newly discovered submerged Neolithic site near N. Mearot Inlet, containing series of rectangular clay basins arranged in a grid pattern. Following their initial identification, sediment cores were extracted from the basins and the ramparts around them and analyzed for their pollen, phytoliths, and mineralogical composition; however, more samples are to be taken and the analyses have yet to yield more conclusive results. Comparisons with later case studies suggest that the polygonal cracking of the clay and the basins’ morphology, size, and spatial organization are more consistent with salt evaporation pans, which were operated ca. 7000 years BP, than with plot-and-berm agricultural use, though agricultural use cannot be ruled out entirely.
- Coastline evolution, submerged landscape, and island occupation: preliminary insight on pleistocene-holocene coastal environments of south-eastern SicilyPublication . Ogloblin Ramirez, Isaac; Galili, Ehud; Tryon, Christian A.; Antonioli, Fabrizio; Zaia, Sara E.; Carroll, Peyton; Niespolo, Elizabeth M.; Gilmore, Lauren D.; Mauro, Sebastiano Di; Portella, Fabio; Minniti, Gianmarco; Monaco, Carmelo; Gonzalez, Nicholas Andrés; Insacco, Gianni; Patania, IlariaSicily, the largest island in the Mediterranean and the closest to mainland Europe, holds some of the earliest uncontroversial evidence in the region of sustained island occupation by humans, dating back to ~16.5 thousand years ago (ka). Using archival studies as well as dive-based and coastal fieldwork, this study provides initial insights into the diversity of submerged and coastal Pleistocene–Holocene landscapes off and on the coast of south-eastern Sicily. New archaeological and geomorphological data demonstrate the continued importance of Sicily in understanding early human uses of islands and nearshore resources well into the Pleistocene. With underwater and coastal archaeological surveys in the Siracusa and Ragusa areas, combined with innovative citizen science, and museum research, and sedimentary analysis, we have identified five key archives: 1) Pleistocene and Holocene archaeological and geological sea-level markers, confirming the quasi-stable tectonic conditions of the SE area of Sicily; 2) Coastal and partially submerged caves containing Middle and Late Pleistocene fauna and geomorphological features, re-identified after their 19th-century discovery, offering valuable data on faunal transitions and environmental changes; 3) Submerged caves and shoreline caverns (at 1 to 25 m water depth) that are possible deposits containing fauna and anthropogenic remains; 4) Submerged landscapes with clay-rich deposits that may represent paleosols or terrestrial Pleistocene-Holocene deposits, possibly associated with prehistoric human occupation of the island; and 5) Three concentrations of Pleistocene-Holocene flint materials (two reworked assemblages of anthropogenically modified flint artifacts in Ognina and Portopalo di Capo Passero —possibly dating to the Neolithic/Mesolithic period — and a concentration of unworked flint nodules at Punta delle Formiche representing an unrecognized natural source of raw material for tool manufacture). These archives provide new data on the island's carrying capacity, the diversity andavailability of coastal resources,and sea-level changes since the Last Glacial Maximum (26.5–19 cal ka BP).
- Geomorphological dynamics at the coast: a sedimentary stratigraphy for Atlit-Yam, the earliest coastal village at the eastern mediterranean and its submerged landscapePublication . Kataria, Vishal; Shtienberg, Gilad; Ogloblin Ramirez, Isaac; Zuckerman-Cooper, Roni; Taha, Nimer; Grono, Elle; Runjajić, Marko; Galili, Ehud; Waldmann, Nicolas; Friesem, David E.During the early Holocene, rapid sea- level rise led to the inundation of coastal areas, with shallow landscapes being the most affected. The Carmel coast, located in the Eastern Mediterranean, preserves a rich record of such a submerged landscape, hosting numerous archaeological sites, including the well-preserved Atlit-Yam Neolithic village. In order to reconstruct the geomorphological evolution of the submerged coastal landscape, 23 underwater sediment cores of variable length (ranging from 60 to 240 cm) were drilled both inside and outside the known extent of the Atlit-Yam village. A detailed stratigraphy of the submerged landscape was generated based on the analysis of 18 representative cores. The sedimentary sequences identified in the analyzed cores were defined by respective facies associations, and combined with physical (grain size, magnetic susceptibility), chemical (elemental geochemistry), and organic (total organic content) properties of the sediments. Moreover, the sediment cores were constrained by a radiocarbon chronology. Our analysis reveals the spatially heterogeneous stratification of submerged coastal sediments, influenced by sediment supply, stratigraphic dynamics, rising sea level and human activity. The stratigraphic framework presented here allows identification of sedimentary facies associated with the period of active human occupation. We identify ten sedimentary facies characterized by elevated total organic content, magnetic susceptibility, P/Al, Ti/Al ratios together with distinct grain sizes highlighting the complex interplay between sea-level rise, sedimentary processes, and landscape evolution from Late Pleistocene to the Early Holocene. This study provides stratigraphic and chronological evidence for sustained Neolithic occupation between ~9600 and 8600 cal. Yrs BP, prior to the early stages of coastal inundation. These findings demonstrate the advantage of coring and sedimentological analysis for studying early human occupation of coastal areas in direct relations to landscape transformation due to rising sea levels.