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- Managing Work and Care: A Difficult Challenge for Immigrant FamiliesPublication . São José, José; Wall, KarinExplores the strategies used by immigrant families to reconcile work and care for young children in Finland, France, Italy and Portugal. Drawing upon interviews with couples or lone parents who have children below age ten, it shows that immigrant families rely on a diversity of work/care strategies. These strategies include extensive delegation of care (mostly to formal or non-familial informal care), negotiation of care within the nuclear family (both partners sharing the care responsibilities as well as older child care), mother-centredness (mothers cutting back on working hours), child negligence (leaving children alone) and the superimposition of care upon work (taking children to work). Almost all immigrant families, but especially first-generation ones, suffer from the absence of close kin networks to support childcare, strong pressure to work and from work (long or atypical hours) and various integration problems such as social isolation, lack of information on services, and problems with housing. However, our findings show that migration patterns, among other factors, have a significant impact on work/care strategies. Highly qualified “professional migration” is more associated with extensive paid delegation (often private and high-cost), “marriage migration” with mother-centredness, and “unskilled worker migration” with low-cost solutions supplemented by workplace care, older child care and negligence. First-generation unskilled worker migrant families are more exposed to occupational and residential segregation, atypical working hours, low earnings and difficulties in managing work and care for young children. Findings point to the still weak regulatory function of the different welfare states in the protection of these families.
- Families, work and social care in Europe. A qualitative study of care arrangements in Finland, France, Italy, Portugal and the UKPublication . São José, José; Sipilä, Jorma; Repo, Katja; Zechnner, Minna; Martin, Claude; Debroise, A.; Le Bihan, B.; Wall, Karin; Correia, Sónia; Baldock, J.; Hadlow, Jan; Vion, A.; Larsen, Trine; Kröger, TeppoThe SOCCARE Project studied social care arrangements of European families in five different socio-economic and cultural environments that represent the variety of European welfare states (Finland, France, Italy, Portugal and the UK). It focused on four key family types that all are heavily affected by the ongoing demographic, socio-economic and structural changes within European societies: 1) lone parent families, 2) dual-career families, 3) immigrant families and, 4) “double front carer” families (that have young children and, at the same time, elderly family members in need of care).
- WP3 Care arrangements in multi-career families National report: PortugalPublication . Wall, Karin; São José, José; Correia, SóniaThe division of labour within the family and the behaviour of families in relation to the labour market have changed significantly in Portugal over the last few decades. Of particular importance have been the increased labour force participation of women, especially of married women and those with young children, and the rise in women’s levels of educational attainment.. Women (aged 15-64) as a proportion of the total labour force rose rapidly from 18.3% in 1960 to 52.8% in 1991,and 62% in 1998.
- Trabalhar e cuidar de um idoso dependente: problemas e soluçõesPublication . São José, José; Wall, KarinA presente comunicação insere-se na problemática geral da conciliação entre a vida familiar e a vida profissional, centrando-se mais concretamente nas soluções de prestação de cuidados a idosos dependentes enquanto meios de conciliação entre o trabalho pago e os cuidados a estes últimos.A problemática geral da conciliação trabalho-família tem vindo a suscitar um interesse crescente tanto junto dos governantes como junto dos investigadores no domínio das ciências sociais. Ao nível político, desde os anos 80 que a U.E. emana recomendações e directivas relacionadas com esta problemática. Contudo, apesar de o tema dos cuidados aos idosos estar cada vez mais presente nas agendas políticas da U.E. e dos seus países membros (devido essencialmente ao problema do envelhecimento gradual da população), as “políticas de conciliação trabalho/família” têm-se direccionado sobretudo para os trabalhadores com crianças dependentes a cargo. Daí o maior desenvolvimento destas políticas no domínio dos cuidados às crianças do que no domínio dos cuidados aos idosos.
- Mães sós e cuidados às criançasPublication . Wall, Karin; São José, José; Correia, SóniaÉ de uma outra perspectiva, a de entender as dinâmicas familiares das mães sós com filhos menores, que se efectua agora a análise. Sem deixar de olhar para esta dinâmica no seu conjunto, a pesquisa privilegia uma questão central que serve de fio condutor às nossas interrogações. Saber como é que as mães sós conciliam o trabalho e a família, analisando as adaptações entre espaços internos e externos da família, é o principal objectivo. Trata-se de identificar os perfis diversos e diferenciados de articulação entre família e trabalho, sem esquecer de os ancorar nos contextos sociais e nas trajectórias de vida que podem influenciar, a jusante ou a montante, a organização familiar das mães sozinhas.
- Trabalhar e cuidar de um idoso dependente: problemas e soluçõesPublication . São José, José; Wall, Karin; Correia, SóniaO presente artigo centra-se na problemática da conciliação entre o trabalho profissional e os cuidados ao idoso dependente, prestando particular atenção ao modo como as famílias estruturam os cuidados a este último. Conclui-se que existem diversos modelos de prestação de cuidados e, também, que a conciliação entre estas duas esferas da vida social é difícil de estabelecer quando as famílias prestam cuidados a idosos com elevada dependência sem apoios regulares (informais ou formais) ou apenas com apoios pontuais durante o dia. Estas situações são as menos adequadas do ponto de vista do bem-estar dos familiares prestadores de cuidados e dos idosos dependentes.
- Managing work and care: a difficult challenge for immigrant familiesPublication . Wall, Karin; São José, JoséThis paper explores the strategies used by immigrant families to reconcile work and care for young children in Finland, France, Italy and Portugal. Drawing upon interviews with couples or lone parents who have children below age ten, it shows that immigrant families rely on a diversity of work/care strategies. These strategies include extensive delegation of care (mostly to formal or non-familial informal care), negotiation of care within the nuclear family ( both partners sharing the care responsibilities as well as older child care), mother-centredness (mothers cutting back on working hours), child negligence (leaving children alone) and the superimposition of care upon work (taking children to work). Almost all immigrant families, but especially first-generation ones,suffer from the absence of close kin networks to support childcare, strong pressure to work and from work (long or atypical hours) and various integration problems such as social isolation, lack of information on services, and problems with housing. However, our findings show that migration patterns, among other factors, have a significant impact on work/care strategies. Highly qualified “professional migration” is more associated with extensive paid delegation (often private and high-cost), “marriage migration” with mother-centredness, and “unskilled worker migration” with low-cost solutions supplemented by workplace care, older child care and negligence. First-generation unskilled worker migrant families are more exposed to occupational and residential segregation,atypical working hours, low earnings and difficulties in managing work and care for young children. Findings point to the still weak regulatory function of the different welfare states in the protection of these families.