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Acontecimentos negativos na infância, problemas psicopatológicos e competências percebidas de resiliência em adolescentes institucionalizados
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Abstract(s)
A institucionalização pressupõe a exposição precoce a fatores de risco psicossocial que marcam o desenvolvimento das crianças, colocando-as numa situação de maior fragilidade emocional e suscetibilidade ao desenvolvimento de problemas psicopatológicos.
A presente investigação teve como objetivo principal comparar adolescentes com idades entre os 11 e os 22 anos, acolhidos em instituições (N=138) com adolescentes que residem com as suas famílias (N=91) em relação às competências de resiliência e a indicadores de psicopatologia. As relações entre essas variáveis e a perspetiva temporal dos adolescentes foram também estudadas. Nesse sentido foram aplicados os seguintes instrumentos: escala Healthy Kids Resilience Assessement Module (HKRAM- versão 6.0), Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), o Inventário de Perspetiva Temporal e um questionário de dados sociodemográficos.
De acordo com os resultados obtidos, verificou-se a existência de diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos relativamente à manifestação de sintomas psicopatológicos, com o grupo de adolescentes institucionalizados a revelar maior prevalência de sintomas de Somatização, Ansiedade, Hostilidade, Ansiedade Fóbica e Psicoticismo. Relativamente à escala HKRAM, esta permitiu concluir que, no global, os adolescentes a viver em contexto institucional percebiam-se menos resilientes, comparativamente aos adolescentes em contexto familiar. Ao nível da perspetiva temporal, os adolescentes institucionalizados apresentaram pontuações mais elevadas nas escalas Orientação para o Futuro e Orientação para o Passado, comparativamente aos valores de referência para a população geral.
Atendendo às conclusões obtidas, salientamos a necessidade de uma melhor intervenção das instituições na promoção da saúde mental dos adolescentes, procurando otimizar os seus recursos de resiliência, de forma a permitir-lhes o melhor ajustamento possível. Reforça-se, no entanto, a premissa de que o acolhimento institucional, embora necessário para garantir os cuidados essenciais às crianças que deles estão privadas, não se constitui a melhor opção para um desenvolvimento equilibrado, devendo apostar-se em intervenções direcionadas às famílias em risco psicossocial, evitando medidas de institucionalização.
Institutionalization presupposes early exposure to psychosocial risk factors that impact the development of children, placing them in a situation of greater emotional fragility and susceptibility to the development of psychopathological problems. The main objective of the present study was to compare adolescents aged between 11 and 22 years old, living in institutions (N=138) with adolescents who live with their families (N=91) in relation to perceived resilience skills and indicators of psychopathology. The relationship between these variables and the time perspective of adolescents was also analysed. In this sense, the following instruments were applied: Healthy Kids Resilience Assessment Module (HKRAM), Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), the Temporal Perspective Inventory and a sociodemographic data questionnaire. According to the results obtained, it was verified the existence of significant differences between the two groups in psychopathological symptoms, with the group of institutionalized adolescents presenting a greater prevalence of symptoms of Somatization, Anxiety, Hostility, Phobic Anxiety and Psychoticism. Furthermore, the HKRAM scale allowed us to conclude that adolescents living in an institutional context perceived themselves as less resilient, compared to adolescents in a family context. In terms of time perspective, institutionalized adolescents scored higher on the Orientation for the Future and Orientation for the Past scales, compared to the reference values for the general population. Given the conclusions obtained, we emphasize the need for a better intervention by institutions in promoting the mental health of adolescents, seeking to optimize their resilience resources, in order to allow them the best adjustment possible. However, it reinforces the premise that institutional care, although necessary to guarantee essential care for children who are deprived of it, is not the best option for balanced development, as a greater focus on interventions aimed at families in psychosocial risk can avoid institutionalization provisions.
Institutionalization presupposes early exposure to psychosocial risk factors that impact the development of children, placing them in a situation of greater emotional fragility and susceptibility to the development of psychopathological problems. The main objective of the present study was to compare adolescents aged between 11 and 22 years old, living in institutions (N=138) with adolescents who live with their families (N=91) in relation to perceived resilience skills and indicators of psychopathology. The relationship between these variables and the time perspective of adolescents was also analysed. In this sense, the following instruments were applied: Healthy Kids Resilience Assessment Module (HKRAM), Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), the Temporal Perspective Inventory and a sociodemographic data questionnaire. According to the results obtained, it was verified the existence of significant differences between the two groups in psychopathological symptoms, with the group of institutionalized adolescents presenting a greater prevalence of symptoms of Somatization, Anxiety, Hostility, Phobic Anxiety and Psychoticism. Furthermore, the HKRAM scale allowed us to conclude that adolescents living in an institutional context perceived themselves as less resilient, compared to adolescents in a family context. In terms of time perspective, institutionalized adolescents scored higher on the Orientation for the Future and Orientation for the Past scales, compared to the reference values for the general population. Given the conclusions obtained, we emphasize the need for a better intervention by institutions in promoting the mental health of adolescents, seeking to optimize their resilience resources, in order to allow them the best adjustment possible. However, it reinforces the premise that institutional care, although necessary to guarantee essential care for children who are deprived of it, is not the best option for balanced development, as a greater focus on interventions aimed at families in psychosocial risk can avoid institutionalization provisions.
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Keywords
Adolescência Institucionalização Psicopatologia Resiliência