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És tão bondoso quanto dizes ser? o uso de medidas de autorrelato e de desempenho para avaliar a empatia na Dark Tetrad
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Abstract(s)
Sujeitos com traços Dark Tetrad costumam apresentar défices empáticos,
especificamente no que diz respeito à empatia afetiva. Por norma, a empatia afetiva tem
sido avaliada com recurso ao autorrelato, uma abordagem que tem recebido inúmeras
críticas por parte de autores que sugerem a avaliação multi-método deste construto, com
recurso a medidas implícitas por fornecerem uma descrição mais real do funcionamento
da empatia. Neste contexto, o principal objetivo do nosso estudo foi analisar a associação
entre as medidas de empatia (autorrelato; medidas explícitas) e as de contágio emocional
(desempenho; medidas implícitas de reatividade emocional) e os traços da DT. Para o
efeito, foram avaliados 113 participantes (76 mulheres), com idades compreendidas entre
os 18 e os 39 anos, que responderam aos questionários de autorrelato para avaliação da
empatia e duas tarefas de contágio emocional, com recurso a estímulos auditivos e em
contexto escrito. Os principais resultados dos instrumentos de autorrelato sugerem que,
quando maior presença de traços DT, maiores as dificuldades empáticas, sobretudo ao
nível da empatia afetiva. No que se refere às medidas de contágio emocional, observámos
que os traços de maquiavelismo e narcisismo se encontravam associados a respostas
emocionais incongruentes com os estímulos musicais, verificando-se que face a estímulos
emocionais alegres experienciavam emoções negativas e face a estímulos emocionais
tristes experienciavam emoções positivas. A mesma incongruência foi registada para
todos os traços DT e os estímulos escritos.
Subjects with Dark Tetrad traits tend to have empathic deficits, especially regarding affective empathy. By default, affective empathy has been assessed using self report, an approach that has received criticism by authors who have advanced a multi method assessment of this construct, using implicit measures to provide a more realistic description of how empathy works. Thus, the main objective of our study was to analyse the association between measures of empathy (self-report; explicit measures), emotional contagion (performance; implicit measures of emotional reactivity) and DT traits. For this purpose, 113 participants (76 women), aged between 18 and 39 years, answered the self report questionnaires for the assessment of empathy and two emotional contagion tasks, using auditory stimuli and in a written context. The main results of improved self-report instruments suggest that, the greater the presence of DT traits, the greater the empathic difficulties, especially at the level of affective empathy. With regard to measures of emotional contagion, we observed that the traces of machiavellianism and narcissism were associated with emotional responses inconsistent with musical stimuli, verifying that with the happy emotional stimuli they experienced negative emotions and with the sad emotional stimuli they experienced positive emotions. The same incongruity was recorded for all DT traces and written stimuli
Subjects with Dark Tetrad traits tend to have empathic deficits, especially regarding affective empathy. By default, affective empathy has been assessed using self report, an approach that has received criticism by authors who have advanced a multi method assessment of this construct, using implicit measures to provide a more realistic description of how empathy works. Thus, the main objective of our study was to analyse the association between measures of empathy (self-report; explicit measures), emotional contagion (performance; implicit measures of emotional reactivity) and DT traits. For this purpose, 113 participants (76 women), aged between 18 and 39 years, answered the self report questionnaires for the assessment of empathy and two emotional contagion tasks, using auditory stimuli and in a written context. The main results of improved self-report instruments suggest that, the greater the presence of DT traits, the greater the empathic difficulties, especially at the level of affective empathy. With regard to measures of emotional contagion, we observed that the traces of machiavellianism and narcissism were associated with emotional responses inconsistent with musical stimuli, verifying that with the happy emotional stimuli they experienced negative emotions and with the sad emotional stimuli they experienced positive emotions. The same incongruity was recorded for all DT traces and written stimuli
Description
Keywords
Dark Tetrad Empatia Avaliação multi-método Contágio emocional Desejabilidade social