Loading...
Publication
Estratégias para minimizar o impacto do uso abusivo de antibióticos
| Name: | Description: | Size: | Format: | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.81 MB | Adobe PDF |
Authors
Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
Ao longo da história da humanidade, as doenças infeciosas de origem bacteriana têm causado uma perda incalculável de vidas. No século XX são introduzidos os primeiros agentes terapêuticos para o tratamento destas infeções, nesta época é introduzido o primeiro de muitos antibióticos, a penicilina. Estes fármacos antibacterianos são molécula desenvolvidas para combater bactérias patogénicas que podem atuar em diferentes alvos celulares, de acordo com a bactéria de interesse e a estrutura química do antibiótico. Contudo, após a introdução destes agentes terapêuticos que pelo seu uso indevido e abusivo rapidamente se verificou o desenvolvimento de resistências pelas bactérias.
O desenvolvimento da resistência aos agentes antibacterianos é um processo que pode ocorrer de forma espontânea através de mutações, onde as bactérias desenvolvem mecanismos de resistência, nomeadamente, alterações dos alvos celulares dos antibióticos, diminuição da entrada ou aumento do efluxo dos antibióticos e inativação dos antibióticos por hidrólise ou modificação enzimática. No entanto, os antibióticos exercem uma pressão seletiva e atividades antropogénicas como, a prescrição inadequada destes agentes terapêuticos, utilização descontrolada de antibióticos na indústria pecuária e na aquacultura com a respetiva contaminação ambiental, contribuem para a disseminação de estirpes bacterianas resistentes.
As consequências da resistência aos antibióticos implicam o aumento das infeções por bactérias multirresistentes de difícil tratamento, dificuldade na realização de determinados procedimentos médicos, impacto na microbiota intestinal, mitocôndrias, indústria animal e no meio ambiente.
A presente dissertação foca-se na temática do impacto da resistência e uso excessivo dos antibióticos na terapêutica humana, na indústria animal e no meio ambiente. A abordagem é realizada com particular incidência nas estratégias e tecnologias a desenvolver para mitigar os impacto deste problema no meio ambiente, as boas práticas de utilização de antibióticos e as opções alternativas à utilização de antibióticos.
Throughout human history, infectious diseases of bacterial origin have led to an immeasurable loss of life. In the 20th century the first therapeutic agents for the treatment of these infections were introduced; at this time the first of many antibiotics, penicillin, was introduced. These antibacterial drugs are molecules developed to fight pathogenic bacteria, which can act on several cellular targets depending on the bacteria of interest and the chemical structure of the antibiotic. However, following the introduction of these therapeutic agents, which due to their misuse and abuse, the bacterial resistance has rapidly developed. The development of resistance to antibacterial agents is a process that can occur spontaneously through mutations, where bacteria develop resistance mechanisms, namely changes in the intracellular targets of antibiotics, decreased entry or increased efflux of antibiotics and inactivation of antibiotics by hydrolysis or enzymatic modification. However, antibiotics exert a selective pressure and anthropogenic activities such as, inappropriate prescription of these therapeutic agents, unguided use of antibiotics in livestock industry and aquaculture with the respective environmental contamination, contribute to the spread of resistant bacterial strains. The consequences of antibiotic resistance implicate increased infections by multidrug-resistant bacteria that are difficult to treat, difficulty in performing certain medical procedures, impact on the intestinal microbiota, mitochondria, the animal husbandry, and the environment. This dissertation focuses on the impact of resistance and overuse of antibiotics on human therapy, animal industry and the environment. This approach is carried out with particular focus on strategies and technologies to be developed to mitigate the impact of this problem on the environment, good practices in the use of antibiotics and alternative options to the use of antibiotics.
Throughout human history, infectious diseases of bacterial origin have led to an immeasurable loss of life. In the 20th century the first therapeutic agents for the treatment of these infections were introduced; at this time the first of many antibiotics, penicillin, was introduced. These antibacterial drugs are molecules developed to fight pathogenic bacteria, which can act on several cellular targets depending on the bacteria of interest and the chemical structure of the antibiotic. However, following the introduction of these therapeutic agents, which due to their misuse and abuse, the bacterial resistance has rapidly developed. The development of resistance to antibacterial agents is a process that can occur spontaneously through mutations, where bacteria develop resistance mechanisms, namely changes in the intracellular targets of antibiotics, decreased entry or increased efflux of antibiotics and inactivation of antibiotics by hydrolysis or enzymatic modification. However, antibiotics exert a selective pressure and anthropogenic activities such as, inappropriate prescription of these therapeutic agents, unguided use of antibiotics in livestock industry and aquaculture with the respective environmental contamination, contribute to the spread of resistant bacterial strains. The consequences of antibiotic resistance implicate increased infections by multidrug-resistant bacteria that are difficult to treat, difficulty in performing certain medical procedures, impact on the intestinal microbiota, mitochondria, the animal husbandry, and the environment. This dissertation focuses on the impact of resistance and overuse of antibiotics on human therapy, animal industry and the environment. This approach is carried out with particular focus on strategies and technologies to be developed to mitigate the impact of this problem on the environment, good practices in the use of antibiotics and alternative options to the use of antibiotics.
Description
Keywords
Antibióticos Estratégias Impacto Indústria animal Meio ambiente Saúde pública Resistência aos antibióticos