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Publication
Antibioterapia das infeções por espécies de enterobacter
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Abstract(s)
A descoberta do primeiro antibiótico por Alexander Fleming foi importante para reduzir o número de mortes causadas por infeções bacterianas. No entanto, o seu uso incorreto e descontrolado permitiu que as bactérias desenvolvessem vários mecanismos de resistência, levando à ineficácia dos antibióticos.
O grupo ESKAPE é composto por bactérias que causam infeções nosocomiais e são resistentes aos antibióticos comuns, sendo por isso consideradas uma ameaça para a saúde pública. Neste grupo estão presentes diversas espécies de Enterobacter, sendo as mais comuns Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter asburiae e Enterobacter hormaechei. Enterobacterales resistentes aos carbapenemos e resistentes às cefalosporinas de 3.ª geração são classificados pela Organização Mundial de Saúde como prioridade crítica, já que as opções de tratamento são limitadas, provocam elevadas taxas de mortalidade e morbilidade e apresentam uma elevada resistência aos antibióticos.
A resistência aos antibióticos é causada pela produção de β-lactamases do tipo AmpC, β-lactamases de espetro alargado e carbapenemases, e também através das bombas de efluxo e alterações de permeabilidade.
As espécies de Enterobacter são responsáveis por vários tipos de infeções, como infeções do trato urinário, do trato respiratório, bacteremia, entre outras.
O tratamento das infeções causadas pelas espécies de Enterobacter baseia-se no tipo de resistência e de infeção, incluindo fármacos como carbapenemos, cefalosporinas, aminoglicosídeos, monobactamos, entre outros, podendo ser usados em monoterapia ou terapia combinada. Estes fármacos são importantes no tratamento, mas são necessários novos antibióticos para combater estas bactérias que se vão tornando resistentes aos tratamentos existentes.
Outras terapêuticas foram desenvolvidas para além dos antibióticos já que a sua produção tem vindo a diminuir ao longo do tempo, sendo que por isso é igualmente importante futuros estudos nestas áreas.
O farmacêutico é fundamental neste processo uma vez que garante o uso correto dos antibióticos, de forma a combater a resistência bacteriana e a garantir a eficácia do tratamento.
The discovery of the first antibiotic by Alexander Fleming was important in reducing the number of deaths caused by bacterial infections. However, its incorrect and uncontrolled use has allowed bacteria to develop various resistance mechanisms, leading to the ineffectiveness of antibiotics. The ESKAPE group is made up of bacteria that cause nosocomial infections and are resistant to common antibiotics and are therefore considered a threat to public health. Several species of Enterobacter are present in this group, the most common being Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter asburiae and Enterobacter hormaechei. Enterobacterales resistant to carbapenems and to 3rd generation cephalosporins are classified by the World Health Organization as a critical priority, as treatment options are limited, they cause high rates of mortality and morbidity and are highly resistant to antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance is caused by the production of AmpC-type β-lactamases, extended-spectrum β-lactamases and carbapenemases, and through efflux pumps and permeability changes. Enterobacter species are responsible for several types of infections, such as urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, bacteraemia, among others. The treatment of infections caused by Enterobacter species is based on the type of resistance and infection, including drugs such as carbapenems, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, monobactams, among others, and may be used in monotherapy or combined therapy. These drugs are important in treatment, but new antibiotics are needed to combat these bacteria that are becoming resistant to existing treatments. Other therapies have been developed in addition to antibiotics as their production has been decreasing over time, which is why future studies in these areas are equally important. The pharmacists are essential in this process as they ensure the correct use of antibiotics, in order to combat bacterial resistance and guarantee the effectiveness of the pharmacotherapy.
The discovery of the first antibiotic by Alexander Fleming was important in reducing the number of deaths caused by bacterial infections. However, its incorrect and uncontrolled use has allowed bacteria to develop various resistance mechanisms, leading to the ineffectiveness of antibiotics. The ESKAPE group is made up of bacteria that cause nosocomial infections and are resistant to common antibiotics and are therefore considered a threat to public health. Several species of Enterobacter are present in this group, the most common being Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter asburiae and Enterobacter hormaechei. Enterobacterales resistant to carbapenems and to 3rd generation cephalosporins are classified by the World Health Organization as a critical priority, as treatment options are limited, they cause high rates of mortality and morbidity and are highly resistant to antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance is caused by the production of AmpC-type β-lactamases, extended-spectrum β-lactamases and carbapenemases, and through efflux pumps and permeability changes. Enterobacter species are responsible for several types of infections, such as urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, bacteraemia, among others. The treatment of infections caused by Enterobacter species is based on the type of resistance and infection, including drugs such as carbapenems, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, monobactams, among others, and may be used in monotherapy or combined therapy. These drugs are important in treatment, but new antibiotics are needed to combat these bacteria that are becoming resistant to existing treatments. Other therapies have been developed in addition to antibiotics as their production has been decreasing over time, which is why future studies in these areas are equally important. The pharmacists are essential in this process as they ensure the correct use of antibiotics, in order to combat bacterial resistance and guarantee the effectiveness of the pharmacotherapy.
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Keywords
Enterobacter spp. Antibioterapia Resistências Novas terapêuticas Farmacêutico