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- Bioactive compounds of citrus as health promotersPublication . Duarte, Amílcar; Carvalho, Catarina; Miguel, Maria Graça; Silva, Luís Rodrigues da; Silva, BrancaCitrus are a group of fruit species, quite heterogeneous in many aspects, including chemical composition of the fruit. Since ancient times, some citrus fruits were used to prevent and cure human diseases. In the recent decades, it has been demonstrated that fruits can actually help prevent and cure some diseases and above all, they are essential in a balanced diet. Citrus fruits, as one of the groups of fruit species, with greater importance in the world, have been studied for their effects on human health. Some species of citrus were referred as potential antioxidant based therapy for heart disease, cancer and inflammation. Fruit peels and seeds have also high antioxidant activity. The health benefits of citrus fruit have mainly been attributed to the high level of bioactive compounds, such as phenols (e.g., flavanone glycosides, hydroxycinnamic acids), carotenoids and vitamin C. These compounds are present in the fruit pulp and hence in the juice. But some bioactive compounds can be found in parts of the fruit which usually are not used for human food. The content of bioactive compounds depends on the species and cultivar, but also depends on the production system followed in the orchard. Citrus fruits, their derivatives and their by-products (peel, pulp and oil) are reach in different bioactive compounds and its maturity, postharvest and agroindustry processes influence their composition and concentration. The aim of this chapter was to review the main bioactive compounds of the different components of citrus and their relationship to health.
- Citrus as a component of the Mediterranean DietPublication . Duarte, Amílcar; Fernandes, Maria Jacinta; Bernardes, João Pedro; Miguel, Maria GraçaCitrus are native to southeastern Asia, but are present in the Mediterranean basin for centuries. This group of species has reached great importance in some of the Mediterranean countries and, in the case of orange, mandarin and lemon trees, they found here soil and climatic conditions which allows them to achieve a high level of fruit quality, even better than in the regions where they came from. Citrus fruits are present in the diet of the peoples living on the Mediterranean basin, at least since the time of the Roman Empire. In the 20th century they became the main crop in various agricultural areas of the Mediterranean, playing an important role in the landscape, in the diet of the overall population, and also in international trade. They are present in the gardens of palaces and monasteries, but also in the courtyards and orchards of the poorest families. Their fruits are not only a refreshing dessert, but also a condiment, or even a major component of many dishes. Citrus fruits have well-documented nutritional and health benefits. They can actually help prevent and cure some diseases and, above all, they are essential in a balanced and tasty diet.
- Organic acids concentration in citrus juice from conventional versus organic farmingPublication . Duarte, Amílcar; Caixeirinho, Dalila da Cruz; Miguel, Maria Graça; Sustelo, V.; Nunes, Carla; Fernandes, M. M.; Marreiros, AntónioEvery day consumers make choices about what to eat and ask themselves “Should I be buying organic food?” For producers, is very important to have technical information about the quality of organic products. It can facilitate to demonstrate the quality of organic products, in comparison with conventional ones. The purpose of our work was to compare internal and external characteristics of citrus, produced in organic versus conventional farming. The study was carried out in the south of Portugal. Fruits of different orchards have been harvested and submitted to physical and chemical analyses, as well as to a sensorial test. The analyses showed that the farming system affected fruit quality. Special attention was paid to the concentration of vitamin C, a compound which plays an important role in human health. Fruits from organic farming had a higher level of vitamin C, compared with fruits from conventional production. However, this result was not obtained in all cultivars. The concentration of other organic acids was also evaluated. Results showed clear differences between cultivars and between the two farming systems. In most cases, concentration of organic acids was higher in the citrus fruits from organic farming.
- Vitamin C content of citrus from conventional versus organic farming systemsPublication . Duarte, Amílcar; Caixeirinho, Dalila da Cruz; Miguel, Maria Graça; Sustelo, V.; Nunes, Carla; Mendes, Maria; Marreiros, AntónioFertilization in citrus is a cultural practice with great importance as it affects significantly the quality of fruit. In this work we evaluated the effects of organic versus conventional farming systems on internal and external characteristics of citrus, with particular emphasis on vitamin C content. The study was carried out in different orchards of the Algarve region, in the south of Portugal. Fruits of different orchards were harvested at physiological maturity and submitted to physical and chemical analyses. The results showed that mineral fertilization led to fruits with greater weight and diameter, a thicker peel and a more intense colour. Compared with conventional production, fruits from organic farming had more soluble solids and a lower maturation index. The highest concentrations of vitamin C were recorded in fruits from organic farming, but the response depended on species and cultivar.