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- Controlo de Sclerotinia homoeocarpa em relva com compostos orgânicosPublication . Coelho, Luísa; Dionísio, Lídia; Guerrero, Carlos; Reis, MárioOs relvados são suscetíveis a doenças causadas por fungos, sendo Sclerotinia homoeocarpa um dos que causa maiores prejuízos em muitos países. A compostagem permite a valorização e tratamento de resíduos orgânicos, originando compostos com aplicações agrícolas, nomeadamente para controlo de doenças causadas por patogénicos do solo. Produziram-se dois compostos, designados P1 e P2, por compostagem de resíduos agroindustriais, em pilhas com arejamento por reviramento. Desde o final da fase termofílica até ao final dos processos de compostagem recolheram-se amostras onde se isolaram e identificaram fungos presentes em ambos os compostos. Dos isolados, 26 apresentaram potencial antagonista, sendo 12 provenientes de P1 e 14 de P2. Realizaram-se ensaios in vitro, pelo método de confrontação direta, para avaliar a capacidade antagonista destes fungos para S. homoeocarpa. Doze dos isolados, dos géneros Trichoderma, Fusarium e Bionectria, impediram o crescimento de S. homoeocarpa, com taxas de inibição entre 52 e 68%. Os compostos obtidos foram também testados, in vivo, em relva (Agrostis stolonifera L.) cultivada em vaso. No cultivo em vaso, usando os compostos como substratos, verificou-se redução da área de relva afetada pela doença, principalmente em P2. Os compostos testados controlaram S. homoeocarpa tanto in vitro como em vaso destacando-se o composto P2.
- 5th International European Turfgrass Society Conference: Crop Science Special IssuePublication . Guerrero, Carlos
- The effects of the use of organic solid wastes on the growth of citrus treesPublication . Costa, M.; Beltrão, José; De Brito, J. C.; Neves, Alcinda; Correia, Maribela Pestana; Guerrero, CarlosTwo types of organic solid wastes were selected to be applied in a citrus orchard: the sewage sludge (the most common on the settlements) and the manure (the most common on the agricultural fields). The sewage sludge is a residue originated from the wastewater treatment - the solid phase. Its application as an organic fertilizer may represent an alternative to the pollution effects in nature. In an orchard of orange-trees (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck), the application of sludge was compared with the application of manure and with the control in order to observe the growth response of the trees. Biometric methods where used - number of leaves per tree, diameter of the trunk, leaf area, specific leaf areas and leaf chlorophyll content. In general, the citrus plants response to the application of sewage sludge and manure was positive for the plant growth, compared to the control. The application of the manure, and especially the sewage sludge (once this fertilizer / soil amendment is available in larger amounts) may be a profitable alternative application to the use of mineral fertilizers and to other soil amendments. Moreover, as the possible destinations of sewage sludge (sea, deposition in land fields, incineration) provoke environmental problems, its agricultural reuse is essential to avoid those problems, when correctly applied in relation to trace elements and to pathogenic parameters. The reuse of this solid waste may be a clean and a safe technique to preserve the environment contamination.
- Spatial variability of soil properties and soil erodibility in the Alqueva reservoir watershedPublication . Ferreira, V.; Panagopoulos, Thomas; Andrade, R.; Guerrero, Carlos; Loures, L.The aim of this work is to investigate how the spatial variability of soil properties and soil erodibility (K factor) were affected by the changes in land use allowed by irrigation with water from a reservoir in a semiarid area. To this end, three areas representative of different land uses (agroforestry grassland, lucerne crop and olive orchard) were studied within a 900 ha farm. The interrelationships between variables were analyzed by multivariate techniques and extrapolated using geostatistics. The results confirmed differences between land uses for all properties analyzed, which was explained mainly by the existence of diverse management practices (tillage, fertilization and irrigation), vegetation cover and local soil characteristics. Soil organic matter, clay and nitrogen content decreased significantly, while the K factor increased with intensive cultivation. The HJ-Biplot methodology was used to represent the variation of soil erodibility properties grouped in land uses. Native grassland was the least correlated with the other land uses. The K factor demonstrated high correlation mainly with very fine sand and silt. The maps produced with geostatistics were crucial to understand the current spatial variability in the Alqueva region. Facing the intensification of land-use conversion, a sustainable management is needed to introduce protective measures to control soil erosion.
- Poda de Citrinos na Região Mediterrânica. Manual TécnicoPublication . Barrote, Isabel; Neto, Luís; Guerrero, Carlos; Marques, Natália; Duarte, AmilcarA poda é uma prática comum em citrinos, mas que é por vezes questionada, por se tratar de uma operação dispendiosa e por as árvores não podadas terem produções razoáveis. No entanto, a poda tem provado ser de particular importância na citricultura mediterrânica, orientada para a produção de frutos para consumo em fresco. Nesta citricultura a poda permite aumentar a qualidade do fruto, a qual é altamente valorizada, pelo que a poda se torna necessária e é compensada pelo preço de venda dos frutos. A poda permite formar e controlar a copa da árvore para obter uma melhor produtividade e qualidade dos frutos e, simultaneamente, melhorar o estado sanitário da árvore e facilitar a execução de operações, como a colheita e os tratamentos fitossanitários. Neste manual, resumimos e explicamos as técnicas de poda utilizadas na citricultura mediterrânica e referimos os principais objetivos de cada tipo de poda, tendo em consideração a morfologia e a fisiologia dos citrinos. Este livro é o resultado de vários anos de trabalho em ensaios de poda realizados no Algarve e foi escrito no âmbito do Grupo Operacional “PodaCitrus - Otimização da poda em citrinos”, financiado por fundos da União Europeia, através do programa PDR2020. É, assim, o produto de um vasto trabalho de equipa, que, além dos autores, incluiu muitos agrónomos, responsáveis técnicos pelos pomares onde foram realizados os ensaios. Foi também importante a participação de agrónomos exteriores ao projeto, com quem discutimos os resultados obtidos e as técnicas de poda de citrinos praticadas nos campos. Os autores agradecem, em primeiro lugar, às empresas Frusoal, Citriaroeira, Produção Citrícola Lda, e João Santana Unipessoal, parceiras do projeto, mas também às empresas Quinta da Barragoa e Valenciagro (grupo Martinavarro) as respetivas colaborações. Pessoalmente, agradecemos a Silvino Oliveira, Angélica Mendonça, Valter Reis, Manuel Reis, Marta Afonso, Rui Antão, Tiago Guerreiro, Vera Sustelo, Luís Mendonça e Alfonso Barrau, toda a sua colaboração. Agradecemos também a Gonçalo Azinheira pela elaboração das ilustrações deste livro e a Miguel Santos pela edição de duas fotografias. Agradecemos ainda a Hugo Marques e a Vera Sustelo pela disponibilização de algumas fotografias.
- Biodetection of turfgrass fungal diseases using sniffer dogsPublication . Serrão, M.; Coelho, Luísa; Dionísio, Lídia; Guerrero, Carlos; Duarte, AmilcarThe results in this work evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of the olfactory capacity of the intervening dog in the fungus biodetection. On 100 attempts, a sensitivity and a specificity of 100% (Table 1) were obtained for the biodetection of the fungus Sclerotium rolfsii when the 4-year-old English Springer Spaniel female dog was faced to a straight line of 5 equally distanced Falcons. The post-inoculation time of the samples, used in the sessions, varied between 24 and 72H, however there was no difference in the detection response by the female dog Julieta. This is also a noteworthy additional fact, given the potential for prevention that can represent the detection of a fungus with such a short post-inoculation time. Further work is being established to assess the olfactory ability to detect the presence of the fungus in inoculated turfgrass samples and finally to detect it in the field.
- First report of curvularia trifolii causing curvularia blight in agrostis stolonifera in South of PortugalPublication . Coelho, Luísa; Borrero, C.; Bueno-Pallero, Francisco Angel; Guerrero, Carlos; Fonseca, Filomena; Reis, Mário; Avilés, M.; Dionísio, LídiaAlgarve region (Portugal) has nearly 40 golf courses with a significant economic impact. Summer surveys on 10 golf courses detected an unknown disease on one course in 2009 and on another course in 2012 and 2013 at 29 to 30°C daily average. The second course had symptoms on about 25% of the turf of two putting greens. Diseased bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) had a green dappled pattern with irregular patches of turfgrass on yellowed leaves. Prior to decaying, affected leaves turned brown and then gray. Crown and leaf sheath infections resulted in dark brown dry rot. No lesions were observed on the roots. Leaves were surface disinfected with 5% commercial bleach (0.225% sodium hypochlorite) and cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Ten fungal colonies grew from the leaf tissue, and brown mycelia, conidiophores, and conidia were observed under a microscope. Conidia were ventricose pyriform, mostly abruptly curved, 20 to 36 µm (30 µm, SD = 4) × 7 to 12 µm (10.5 µm, SD = 1.3) (n = 50), predominantly three-septate, with a prominent hilum and enlarged and darkened central cells. Colonies grown on PDA were black-brown with a black reverse side. Conidia differed in size, 15.4 to 24.6 µm (19.99 µm, SD = 3.00) × 6 to 11 μm (8.68 µm, SD = 1.54) (n = 50) and morphology (cylindrical or slightly curved). These characteristics were consistent with Curvularia trifolii (Kauffm.) Boedijn. (Ellis 1971; Falloon 1976; Khadka 2016). Species identification of the representative isolate A2 1.12 was confirmed by analysis of nucleotide sequences of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region using primers ITS1 and ITS4 (White et al. 1990) and GPDH gene region with primer set gpd (Koike et al. 2013). BLAST searches of GenBank showed a high similarity of the isolate ITS sequence (MG029439) to the reference sequence JN712458 of C. trifolii (99% identity) and GPDH sequence (MK570108) with LT715803.1 (97.88% identity). The maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree showed that our isolate clustered with C. trifolii. The pathogenicity assay of this isolate was conducted in greenhouse on A. stolonifera ‘Penncross’. The isolate was grown on PDA (25°C, 10 days). Five pots (100 ml) were filled with a sand and peat mix (9:1 v/v) with 0.06 g of seeds per pot, covered with a fine sand layer. Turfgrass was cut once a week beginning 2 weeks after seeding and was fertigated with 0.5 g/liter of Peter’s foliar feed (27 + 15 + 12; N + P2O5 + K2O; and micronutrients; Scotts, Heerlen, The Netherlands). To obtain a conidial suspension for inoculation, cultured plates were scraped with a sterilized spreader and water. The suspension was filtered through a sterile gauze. Conidia were counted under a microscope (400×) with a hemocytometer. The suspension was adjusted to 8 × 103 conidia/ml, and 10 ml was sprayed per pot. Pots maintained humidity for 2 days under microtunnels. The first disease symptoms appeared 3 days after inoculation. Bentgrass from the five pots developed Curvularia blight and rotted crown symptoms. Control plants (five pots treated with water) did not display symptoms. This trial was repeated once. On PDA, C. trifolii was reisolated from leaf lesions and morphologically identified, confirming Koch’s postulates. Ellis (1971) referred to the presence of C. trifolii in Portugal, but no region, symptom description, or grass species was detailed. Sivanesan (1987) reported C. trifolii in Portugal only on Lolium multiflorum. Therefore, this is the first report of C. trifolii in Algarve, affecting A. stolonifera. This disease can increase maintenance costs in greens in this area.
- Leaf mineral element content and soil characteristics on in vitro antioxidant and enzymatic inhibitory activities of aqueous fennel extractsPublication . MAJDOUB, Nesrine; EL-GEUNDOUZ, Soukaina; Carlier, Jorge; Clara Costa, Maria; Guerrero, Carlos; Duarte, João; Miguel, Mariahis study was conducted to evaluate the biochemical characterization of three harvested Foeniculum vulgare plants collected from two bioclimatic zones in order to investigate the soil growing conditions effect. The results showed a great variability of the phenolic amounts and biological properties of samples rely on localities. FvSEN contained the highest amounts of phenolic compounds. These amounts were accompanied by the greatest antioxidant ability through almost studied assays. FvSEN and FvZO were significantly different. In addition, the samples exhibited a significant and variable enzymatic inhibition activity with values ranging from 30 to 50 mu g/mL for lipoxygenase assay. But these extracts did not revealed significant differences on their tyrosinase abilities. On the other hand, the levels of mineral elements were also estimated. These contents varied depending on sample and locality. The growing soil conditions of samples in terms of different parameters is likely related to their antioxidant and enzyme inhibition potentialities added to their mineral composition which settled by Spearman's correlation. These data may confirm the interesting potential of F. vulgare as a valuable source for natural antioxidant molecules but the growing soil conditions can affect all the potentialities of these plants set for human consumption and other uses.
- Use of cork residues to control turfgrass diseasesPublication . Coelho, Luísa; Dionísio, Lídia; Reis, Mário; Guerrero, CarlosThe worldwide increase in agricultural and industrial production has created environmental problems. Economic and environmental benefits can be gathered solving a problem of the agroindustry by applying their sub products to soil. The compromise to decrease the use of pesticides and fertilizers, which may be hazardous, has provided opportunities for the development of new sustainable crop management practices. From several strategies to enhance the use of organic matter in agriculture, one has been the use of composts of different mixtures of raw materials, from different agroindustry processes or the use of these raw material (agroindustry residues) directly without any treatment. The incorporation of these products to the soil and its application to the crops proved to be an interesting pathway to apply effective beneficial microorganisms for the crops and for the ecosystems globally. This strategy showed to achieve reasonable crops yields and suppressive effects on phytopathogenic microorganisms. Several microorganisms have been associated to cork throughout tree life and in the end products1, such as Trichoderma pseudoconingii, T. viride, Endothiella gyrosa, Mucor hiemalis, Rhysopus sp., Penicillium sp., Cytospora sp., Dichomera sp., Acremonium sp., Glyocladium sp., Botrytis silvatica, and Pestalotia sp. Considering the potential of these microorganisms, a study was carried out at the University of Algarve to identify the presence of beneficial microorganisms in cork residues and to evaluate, in vitro, their antagonistic effect against several fungi turfgrass diseases.
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