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- Using quinine as a fluorescent tracer to estimate overland flow velocities on bare soil: Proof of concept under controlled laboratory conditionsPublication . de Lima, João L. M. P.; Zehsaz, Soheil; de Lima, M. Isabel P.; Isidoro, Jorge M. G. P.; Jorge, Romeu Gerardo; Martins, RicardoThis study presents a tracer technique based on the fluorescent properties of quinine to help on the visualization of shallow flows and allow a quantitative measurement of overland flow velocities. Laboratory experiments were conducted to compare the traditional dye tracer and thermal tracer techniques with this novel fluorescent (quinine) tracer by injecting a quinine solution and the other tracers into shallow flowing surface water. The leading-edge tracer velocities, estimated using videos of the experiments with the quinine tracer were compared with the velocities obtained by using thermograms and real imaging videos of the dye tracers. The results show that the quinine tracer can be used to estimate both overland and rill flow velocities, since measurements are similar to those resulting from using other commonly used tracers. The main advantage of using the quinine tracer is the higher visibility of the injected tracer under ultraviolet A (UVA) light for low luminosity conditions. In addition, smaller amounts of quinine tracer are needed than for dye tracers, which lead to smaller disturbances in the flow. It requires a simple experimental setup and is non-toxic to the environment.
- Classification of landforms in Southern Portugal (Ria Formosa Basin)Publication . Granja-Martins, Fernando M.; Fernandez, Helena; MGP Isidoro, Jorge; Jordan, Antonio; Zavala, LorenaA Geographic Information Systems-based tool is used for macro-landform classification following the Hammond procedure, based upon a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) created from ordinary Kriging. Gentle slopes, surface curvature, highlands and lowlands areas are derived from the DTM. Combining this information allows the classification of terrain units (landforms). The procedure is applied to the Ria Formosa basin (Southern Portugal), with five different terrain types classified (plains, tablelands, plains with hills, open hills and hills).
- Portable rainfall simulator: evaluation and suitability of plot geometry to improve rainfall uniformityPublication . Costa, Antônio Reynaldo de Sousa; Alvarenga, Lívia Alves; Thebaldi, Michael Silveira; Melo, Pâmela Aparecida; Colombo, Alberto; Isidoro, JorgeOs simuladores de chuva são uma importante ferramenta para várias áreas das geociências. Os autores da maioria dos estudos publicados com simuladores de chuva tentam conseguir uma distribuição da precipitação o mais uniforme possível. Contudo, sendo tal muito difícil, são utilizados índices que visam aferir a maior ou menor uniformidade da precipitação na área da parcela em estudo. Um dos mais utilizados é o coeficiente de uniformidade de Christiansen. Neste trabalho, foram analisadas possíveis alterações da geometria da área molhada da parcela para melhorar a uniformidade da precipitação. Isso foi avaliado através da intensidade da precipitação e do coeficiente de uniformidade de Christiansen na área molhada da parcela. Os testes foram realizados utilizando dois modelos de bicos pulverizadores e diferentes pressões de operação. A geometria inicial da parcela era de 0,7 x 1,0 m (0.70 m2). Os resultados do coeficiente de uniformidade de Christiansen foram classificados como baixos, enquanto o melhor desempenho em termos de uniformidade de precipitação foi obtido a uma pressão de 48,3 kPa. A precipitação com menor uniformidade foi observável próximo dos limites externos da parcela. Com base nos melhores resultados do coeficiente de uniformidade de Christiansen, propôs-se reduzir a área útil da parcela experimental de 0,70 para 0,56 m2, levando a uma intensidade de precipitação de 114.07 e 149.20 mm·h−1 e a um coeficiente de uniformidade de Christiansen de 81,6 e 83,8% para os dois modelos de bicos pulverizadores. Os resultados mostraram que proceder com ajustes na geometria da parcela pode conduzir, de forma simples e rápida, a uma maior uniformidade da precipitação artificial.
- Soil erosion, Serra de Grandola (Portugal)Publication . Fernandez, Helena; Granja-Martins, Fernando M.; MGP Isidoro, Jorge; Zavala, Lorena; Jordan, AntonioSoil erosion has long been the subject of attention for environmental management researchers because it implies the loss of a key natural resource for sustaining life. Several methodologies for soil erosion assessment have been developed; many of these are supported by Geographic Information Systems. This study aims to classify the susceptibility of rainfall-induced erosion at the Serra de Grandola (Portugal), based on the Priority Actions Programme/Regional Activity Centre guidelines for mapping soil erosion on the Mediterranean coast. Results show a low-to-moderate susceptibility to rainfall-induced erosion in the lowlands, becoming moderate to high in the highlands of the Serra de Grandola.
- The role of Spartina maritima and Sarcocornia fruticosa on trace metals retention in Ria Formosa, PortugalPublication . Moreira, Manuela M.; Duarte, Duarte; MGP Isidoro, Jorge; Chícharo, LuísOver the last years, phytoremediation has become an increasingly recognized pathway for contaminant removal from water and shallow soils. Assessing the phytoremediation potential of wetlands is complex due to variable conditions of hydrology, soil/sediment types, plant species diversity, growing season and water chemistry. Physico-chemical properties of wetlands provide many positive attributes for remediating contaminants. Saltmarsh plants can sequestrate and inherently tolerate high metal concentrations found in saltmarsh sediments.
- Design and characterisation of customised-roughness beds for open-channel flow experimentsPublication . Isidoro, Jorge; Martins, Ricardo; Pereira, Luísa Gomes; de Lima, João L.M.P.The use of laboratory channels or flumes for open-channel flow research is widespread. However, this type of equipment is often expensive, susceptible to damage, and require regular maintenance. In open-channel flow, the roughness of the channel bed is a critical property in governing the flow characteristics. Unfortunately, changing the bed properties, particularly its roughness, proves to be a challenging and time-consuming task in most laboratory channels. To address these limitations, this stud introduces a novel and cost-effective technique to build laboratory channel beds with tailored roughness. Additionally, we describe a precise photogrammetric based method for quantifying the absolute roughness of the bed. These engineered beds can be seamlessly in tegrated into various laboratory channels without posing any risk of equipment damage. In addition, they offer the flexibility to be modified to meet specific roughness conditions, thus advancing the capabilities of experi mental setups in hydraulic studies Furthermore, these specially designed beds can find utility in other facilities where control of surface properties is necessary.
- Impacts of distinct spatial arrangements of impervious surfaces on runoff and sediment fluxes from laboratory experimentsPublication . Ferreira, C. S. S.; Moruzzi, R.; Isidoro, Jorge M. G. P.; Tudor, M.; Vargas, M.; Ferreira, A. J. D.; de Lima, J. L. M. P.Urbanization affects runoff processes and sediment transport, but the magnitude of the impacts remains poorly understood. Different spatial patterns of pervious and impervious surfaces influence flow and sediment connectivity between hillslopes and stream networks. Following years of research on the peri-urbanizing Ribeira dos Covoes catchment in Portugal, this study uses laboratory rainfall simulation experiments to better assess the impact of soil and pavement patterns on runoff (amount, runoff start and stop times) and sediment transport. Based on urban cores observed in the study catchment, the investigation focused on seven spatial patterns: bare soil (S), 100% pavement (P), and 60% pavement under continuous - C - surface placed upslope (CU) and downslope (CD), and dispersed - D - over the surface with regular (DR), irregular (DI) and linear (DL) distribution. A 1.00 m x 1.00 m flume, 0.05 m deep with a 9 degrees slope, facilitated the experiments. The study used sandy-loam soil (1500 kg m(-3)) with concrete slabs representing pavement. Each experiment comprised a series of four rainfall simulations, each lasting 20 min (50 mm h(-1)), separated by 30-min intervals, to assess the impact of different initial soil moisture conditions. Results indicate that both spatial pattern and soil moisture drive runoff. Under dry conditions, CD provides runoff that is 7 times faster and about 4% higher than that for CU. Already wet conditions, however, produced 12% more runoff on CU than on CD. The greater runoff arose from faster soil saturation, driven by soil moisture increasing more quickly during the rainfall, as well as upstream runoff from paved surfaces, though runoff took longer to reach the outlet. The dispersed pavement pattern only affected runoff amount, with DL producing the highest coefficients (40-71%) and DI the lowest (25-55%), since longer flow paths increase the opportunities for water infiltration. Additionally, CU yielded 40% more sediment transport than CD, but the three dispersed patterns did not show a significant impact (p > 0.05). The results suggest that appropriate planning can reduce flood hazard and land degradation in urban areas, in particular by using dispersed patterns of sealed surfaces to enhance water infiltration and retention. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
- Transporte de material dissolvido em superfície impermeável sob chuva artificial analisado com a aplicação do delineamento experimental das faces centradasPublication . Pessoti, Bruna Peterson Luque; Silveira, Alexandre; Moura, Rafael Brito de; Isidoro, Jorge; Tiezzi, Rafael de Oliveira; Gonçalves, Flávio AparecidoO estudo do escoamento superficial e transporte de poluentes é de grande importância, pois ajuda na prevenção de impactos ambientais, auxiliando em planejamentos a serem realizados pelo poder público. Neste trabalho, teve-se como objetivo estudar, em laboratório, a dinâmica do transporte de material (cloreto de sódio — NaCl) disposto sobre uma superfície impermeável, dissolvido pela aplicação de água via simulador de chuva, tendo como fonte de variação três variáveis independentes: declividade, intensidade de precipitação e posição do material. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de faces centradas, que contemplou diferentes cenários reproduzidos nos experimentos, onde se avaliou a influência das três variáveis independentes sobre às dependentes (tempo de transporte, valor de pico, tempo de pico e massa total transportada), cujas respostas foram monitoradas no exutório do modelo experimental. A análise de resultados obtidos permitiu identificar o efeito significativo da declividade e posição do material sobre todas as variáveis dependentes estudadas e ainda o efeito quadrático da declividade para o tempo de transporte e a massa total transportada. Já para a intensidade de precipitação, verificou-se influência apenas para o tempo de transporte, dentro dos intervalos de estudo com nível de significância de 95%. O modelo produzido para o tempo de transporte é capaz de explicar 90% da variabilidade dos dados, enquanto o para o valor de pico possui uma capacidade de explicação de 67,9%. O tempo de pico possui um modelo capaz de explicar 74,2% da variabilidade dos dados, e o modelo produzido para a massa total transportada possui uma capacidade de explicação de 62,4% da variabilidade dos dados.
- Assessment of loose and adhered urban street sediments and trace metals: a study in the city of Po double dagger os de Caldas, BrazilPublication . Silveira, Alexandre; Pereira Jr. , José A.; Poleto, Cristiano; Lima, João L. M. P. de; Gonçalves, Flávio A.; Alvarenga, Livia A.; MGP Isidoro, JorgeThis study aims to quantify and characterise sediments accumulated in the street gutters in an urban area of Po double dagger os de Caldas, Brazil. The main research questions are: What type of urban areas, e.g. those under construction, produce most sediments and what are the main characteristics of such sediments? What differences, e.g. granulometry, can be found in loose and adhered sediments? What trace metals can be found in the sediments?Fieldwork was carried out in a residential area of Po double dagger os de Caldas, Brazil. Ten samplings were conducted between May and August 2013 to collect sediments from road gutters. The collected sediments were then divided into 'loose' and 'adhered', depending on whether they were collected in a first, gentle, sweeping with soft bristled brush or in a subsequent sweeping with a stiff bristled brush. Granulometric curves were drawn for both types of sediments. Fine sediment analyses (aecurrency sign63 mu m) were performed on samples from the last five samplings. Two techniques were used to look for trace elements: energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES).Larger amounts of sediments were collected after lower intensity rainfall events. Higher intensity events seemed to wash the sediments away. A correlation was found between areas under construction and sediment mass production. A characteristic range of granulometries (medium sand), found in our study is in accordance with studies by other authors. An important presence of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni and Cu) was detected and characterised. As and Sn were also detected even though they are not often mentioned in the literature on urban soil pollutants.Areas under construction were found to produce more sediments than other areas. The trace metals found in highest concentrations were Pb and As. The heavy metal concentration decreases after wet periods, showing that they are carried by runoff. It is expected that this study may serve as an input for establishing diffuse pollution control and mitigation strategies for the accumulation of pollutants in the urban environment.
- Comparison of ratioing and RCNA methods in the detection of flooded areas using Sentinel 2 Imagery (case study: Tulun, Russia)Publication . Fernandez, Helena Maria; Granja-Martins, Fernando M.; Dziuba, Olga; Pereira, David A. B.; Isidoro, Jorge M. G. P.Climate change and natural disasters caused by hydrological, meteorological, and climatic phenomena have a significant impact on cities. Russia, a continental country with a vast territory of complex geographic–ecological environments and highly variable climatic conditions, is subject to substantial and frequent natural disasters. On 29 June 2019, an extreme precipitation event occurred in the city of Tulun in the Irkutsk oblast, Russian Federation, which caused flooding due to the increase in the water level of the Iya River that passes through the city, leaving many infrastructures destroyed and thousands of people affected. This study aims to determine the flooded areas in the city of Tulun based on two change detection methods: Radiometric Rotation Controlled by No-change Axis (RCNA) and Ratioing, using Sentinel 2 images obtained before the event (19 June 2019) and during the flood peak (29 June 2019). The results obtained by the two methodologies were compared through cross-classification, and a 98% similarity was found in the classification of the areas. The study was validated based on photointerpretation of Google Earth images. The methodology presented proved to be useful for the automatic precession of flooded areas in a straightforward, but rigorous, manner. This allows stakeholders to efficiently manage areas that are buffeted by flooding episodes.
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