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Análise dos riscos de erosão costeira no litoral de Fortaleza em função da vulnerabilidade aos processos geogênicos e antropogénicos
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Authors
Abstract(s)
A tese mostra como se deu a evolução do litoral de Fortaleza, no Nordeste do
Brasil, a partir de sua ocupação histórica e das relações homem-meio. A investigação
está baseada no processo de ocupação humana do litoral entre os séculos XVI e XXI e
suas implicações para o gerenciamento costeiro de litorais urbanizados. O principal
objetivo foi compreender, de forma integrada e diacrônica, como os eventos naturais e
humanos impulsionaram a evolução desse litoral. Pois, a análise integrada da paisagem
e dos mecanismos forçadores (naturais e antrópicos) permite estabelecer cenários de
previsão do comportamento da agitação marítima e da urbanização da costa,
consequentemente, permitindo identificar os níveis de vulnerabilidade ao regime de
galgamento.
Neste trabalho, procuramos estabelecer e compreender cronologicamente a
ordem dos acontecimentos que levaram à artificialização da costa fortalezense. Essas
transformações foram avaliadas em suas diferentes formas de antropização: a)
fortificações; b) atividades econômicas; c) desenvolvimento portuário; d) utilização
balnear; e) obras de proteção costeira; f) aeroporto; g) turismo nacional e internacional;
h) verticalização/urbanização. Dessa forma foi possível observar como o litoral foi
modificado e adaptado pelo homem as suas necessidades sociais, culturais, patrimoniais
e econômicas.
Os resultados obtidos contribuem para um melhor conhecimento da nova
dinâmica costeira (modificada pelo homem), permitindo conhecer a evolução da área de
estudo de forma mais detalhada para as características morfológicas e hidrodinâmicas.
Esta tese demonstrou que a ocupação do território suscitada pela exploração dos
recursos naturais do Ceará induziu modificações ambientais no litoral de Fortaleza que
atingiram, no século XX, amplitudes muito elevadas, que ultrapassaram os níveis de
resiliência ecossistêmicos e, por consequência, se tornaram insustentáveis. Por outro
lado, os referidos processos de ocupação e de exploração dos recursos naturais
conduziram ao estabelecimento de um litoral totalmente artificializado, cuja
manutenção será cada vez mais dispendiosa.
This thesis tracks the evolution of the Fortaleza seafront in NW Brazil through its occupation history and human-environment relationships. The research focuses on the development of human settlement along the coast between the 16th and 21st centuries and the implications of this for management of urbanized coastal areas. The main aim of the thesis was to understand, using an integrated and diachronic approach, how natural events and human activities drove coastline evolution. Furthermore, analysis of the combination of landscapes and driving mechanisms (both natural and anthropogenic) allowed the establishment of scenarios to predict the behavior of rough seas and coastal urbanization, resulting in the definition of various levels of coastal flood vulnerability. This thesis seeks to understand the sequence of events that led to the creation of an increasingly artificial coastline in Fortaleza. Each transformation of the coast was assessed in terms of its human activities: a) fortifications; b) economic activities; c) port development; d) recreational use; e) coastal engineering works; f) airport construction; g) national and international tourism; h) urbanization and high-rise development. Thus it was possible to observe the way in which human populations modified and adapted the coast for social, cultural, heritage and economic considerations. The results contribute to a better understanding of a new coastal dynamic (i.e. human-modified), allowing the evolution of the study area to be understood on a more detailed morphological and hydrodynamic level. This thesis demonstrates that human occupation arose through natural resource exploitation of Ceará State, leading to environmental modifications on the Fortaleza coastline that, during the 20th century, reached such high levels that they overstepped ecosystem resilience and therefore became unsustainable. Moreover, processes of coastal occupation and natural resource exploitation have led to the establishment of a completely artificial coastline, the expensive maintenance of which will only increase over time.
This thesis tracks the evolution of the Fortaleza seafront in NW Brazil through its occupation history and human-environment relationships. The research focuses on the development of human settlement along the coast between the 16th and 21st centuries and the implications of this for management of urbanized coastal areas. The main aim of the thesis was to understand, using an integrated and diachronic approach, how natural events and human activities drove coastline evolution. Furthermore, analysis of the combination of landscapes and driving mechanisms (both natural and anthropogenic) allowed the establishment of scenarios to predict the behavior of rough seas and coastal urbanization, resulting in the definition of various levels of coastal flood vulnerability. This thesis seeks to understand the sequence of events that led to the creation of an increasingly artificial coastline in Fortaleza. Each transformation of the coast was assessed in terms of its human activities: a) fortifications; b) economic activities; c) port development; d) recreational use; e) coastal engineering works; f) airport construction; g) national and international tourism; h) urbanization and high-rise development. Thus it was possible to observe the way in which human populations modified and adapted the coast for social, cultural, heritage and economic considerations. The results contribute to a better understanding of a new coastal dynamic (i.e. human-modified), allowing the evolution of the study area to be understood on a more detailed morphological and hydrodynamic level. This thesis demonstrates that human occupation arose through natural resource exploitation of Ceará State, leading to environmental modifications on the Fortaleza coastline that, during the 20th century, reached such high levels that they overstepped ecosystem resilience and therefore became unsustainable. Moreover, processes of coastal occupation and natural resource exploitation have led to the establishment of a completely artificial coastline, the expensive maintenance of which will only increase over time.
Description
Tese de doutoramento, Ciências do Mar (Gestão Costeira), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2012
Keywords
Antropização Interação homem/meio Processo de ocupação Evolução costeira Vulnerabilidade Anthropization Human-environment interactions Settlement processes Coastal evolution Vulnerability