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- Habitat use and the demographics of object manipulation by wild chacma baboonsPublication . Farassi, Rassina; de Oliveira Coelho, João; Carvalho, SusanaObjectives: Studying object manipulation may offer insights about the emergence of habitual tool use in the hominin clade. Previous research on object manipulation has focused on habitual tool-using animals such as apes, capuchins, dolphins, and corvids. Investigating object manipulation in wild baboons, a highly social, ecologically adaptable, and terrestrial primate that is not a habitual tool user, can shed further light on the pressures favoring or inhibiting the use of technology. In this study, we investigate factors that influence object manipulation in the chacma baboons of Gorongosa National Park, across demographic and environmental conditions. Materials and Methods: We collected data using focal and scan sampling, with the aid of the Animal Observer app, and recorded object use and other behaviors. We followed three focal troops: Chitengo, Montebelo, and Floodplain. A total of 2262 observations were recorded across 88 individuals (787 events involved object use). Results: Mixed-effects logistic regressions revealed that habitat, age, and substrate use significantly predicted object use among baboons. Object use was most likely in open forests. Adults are less likely to engage in object manipulation, and this behavior decreases with age, which is in line with previous results reported for bonobos. Interestingly, baboons spend more time manipulating objects arboreally than terrestrially. Discussion: Our findings contribute to the current discussions about the contexts that promote tool use across the primate order. Further studies expanding on these results and assessing differential availability of resources can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the evolution of tool use.
- The dichotomy of human decision-making: an experimental assessment of stone tool efficiencyPublication . Cabrita Nora, David André; Marreiros, Joao; Gneisinger, Walter; Pedergnana, Antonella; Pereira, Telmo; Enza Elena SpinapoliceThe physical properties of distinct raw materials, such as hardness, homogeneity, and grain size, have been recurrently suggested as some of the key reasons for human decision-making, namely the selection, production, and use of stone implements in the past. However, little is known, concerning the relationship between stone tools and human behaviour and how this is reflected in the variability seen in the archaeological record. Therefore, investigating stone tools’ properties and performance brings fundamental insights into identifying and understanding the origins of some of the major human technological behavioural traits. In this study, we aim to address this topic by measuring the variability of the properties of lithic raw materials from the perspective of tool use. A controlled experiment was designed to test the mechanical performance with a focus on the efficiency (ratio between effectiveness and durability) of four distinct raw materials (quartzite, dacite, flint, and obsidian). Our study addresses the null hypothesis: “Edge efficiency does not vary according to the different lithic raw materials.” Efficiency is assessedby the combination of penetration depth (proxy to measure effectiveness) and edge wear (proxy to measure durability). These two variables were measured, and the results correlated with the physical properties of various raw materials, including hardness and grain size. Our results show significant differences in the efficiency between the different types of raw materials. The outcome demonstrates that the variables by which we test the edge efficiency of lithic raw materials are highly relevant for raw material selection and, consequently, may have been of utmost importance in influencing the decision-aking process of past hunter-gatherers. A decrease in tool efficiency during use may have constrained daily activities, necessitating technological adaptations. This strongly suggests that each raw material used in archaeological contexts to produce blanks should be evaluated for its efficiency. In addition, it may be pertinent to extend this approach to other blunt artefactssuch as scrapers, burins, anvils, and hammerstones when investigating aspects of interconnected behaviours such as artefact variability, resource economy, group mobility, and site function. Such choices and decisions are coded in the archaeological record and represent cultural factors that were transmitted through learning and likely triggered the human decision-making process of past hunter-gatherers.
- Selective use of distant stone resources by the earliest Oldowan toolmakersPublication . Finestone, Emma M.; Plummer, Thomas W.; Ditchfield, Peter W.; Reeves, Jonathan S.; Braun, David R.; Bartilol, Simion K.; Rotich, Nelson Kiprono; Bishop, Laura C.; Oliver, James S.; Kinyanjui, Rahab N.; Petraglia, Michael D.; Breeze, Paul S.; Lemorini, Cristina; Caricola, Isabella; Obondo, Paul Owich; Potts, RichardThe adaptive shift that favored stone tool–assisted behavior in hominins began by 3.3 million years ago. However, evidence from early archaeological sites indicates relatively short-distance stone transport dynamics similar to behaviors observed in nonhuman primates. Here we report selective raw material transport over longer distances than expected at least 2.6 million years ago. Hominins at Nyayanga, Kenya, manufactured Oldowan tools primarily from diverse nonlocal stones, pushing back the date for expanded raw material transport by over half a million years. Nonlocal cobbles were transported up to 13 kilometers for on-site reduction, resulting in assemblage patterns inconsistent with accumulations formed by repeated short-distance transport events. These findings demonstrate that early toolmakers moved stones over substantial distances, possibly in anticipation of food processing needs, representing the earliest archaeologically visible signal for the incorporation of lithic technology into landscape-scale foraging repertoires.
- Reconstruction of phylogeographic relationships and evolution of the tundra vole, Alexandromys oeconomus (Rodentia, Cricetidae), based on ancient DNAPublication . Żeromska, Aleksandra; Baca, Mateusz; Lemanik, Anna; Popović, Danijela; Krajcarz, Magdalena; Stojak, Joanna; Stefaniak, Krzysztof; Fewlass, Helen; Fadeeva, Tatyana; Horáček, Ivan; Agadzhanyan, Alexander K.; Serdyuk, Natalia V.; Rhodes, Sara; Conard, Nicolas; Desclaux, Emmanuel; Royer, Aurélien; Pavlova, Svetlana V.; Baláž, Ivan; Rekovets, Leonid; Berto, Claudio; Horvath, Gyozo; Nadachowski, Adam; Mackiewicz, PawełThe Late Pleistocene and Holocene climatic fluctuations profoundly influenced the demographic patterns of many species. Small mammals, particularly rodents, are well-suited for such studies due to their abundance and high environmental sensitivity. A suitable subject is the tundra vole, Alexandromys oeconomus, with changing past and present distributions across the Holarctic. Using ancient DNA, we reconstructed its phylogeography and identified 12 main lineages, including extinct lineages, which highlight greater historical variability of this species. Our analyses revealed eastward and westward expansions, extinctions, and lineage replacements driven by climate changes. Originating in Central/Western Asia, the tundra vole expanded around 110 ka (thousand years ago) into Europe, diversifying into multiple lineages. Two migrations from Central Asia to north-eastern Asia occurred at roughly 70 and 16 ka, and preceded the colonization of North America by 11.5 ka. Europe also experienced intense population turnovers, with remigrations into Western Asia. Fennoscandia was colonized three times after 15 ka by two distinct routes. These migrations were tied to climate changes, with population size increasing during warming periods and declining during cooling periods, especially during the Last Glacial Maximum. This research provides new findings on how climate and environmental shifts shaped the evolution and distribution of A. oeconomus, highlighting the resilience and adaptability of small mammals.
- Analysis of organic residues in the context of the middle bronze age in the northwestern Iberian Peninsula: the case of the Cova da Moura funerary monument (Viana do Castelo, nw Portugal)Publication . Oliveira, Nuno; Oliveira, César; Bettencourt, Ana M. S.; Costa, CláudiaThis paper presents and discusses the results of chromatographic analyses conducted on the contents of a ceramic pot recovered from Cova da Moura, a coastal funerary context located on the western slope of the Serra de Santa Luzia in Carreço, within the municipality and district of Viana do Castelo, Northwest Portugal. The site was excavated in 1931 by Abel Viana, who uncovered a monument beneath a tumulus that concealed a cluster of granite outcrops with numerous cavities (tafoni). Depositional activities in these cavities revealed several artifacts, including fragments of various ceramic containers, metal and glass objects, knapped and polished stone tools, animal remains, a diverse assemblage of plant-derived charcoal, and at least one anthropomorphic stele. The materials exhibit a wide chronological range, with the earliest occupation dating from the Late Middle Bronze Age (circa 15th-14th century BCE) and the most recent from the Late Iron Age. Among these finds was a fragmented ceramic pot containing organic residues at its internal base, dated from the regional Bronze Age. Chromatographic analysis of these residues identified traces of animal meat, possibly from monogastric species, and plant oils, both of which appear to have been exposed to high temperatures. This study represents the first application of organic chemical analysis to a ceramic vessel from a plausible Middle Bronze Age funerary context in Northwestern Portugal. The findings suggest the presence of commensal rituals or the deposition of prepared meat offerings as part of funerary practices.
- Châtelperronian cultural diversity at its western limits: shell beads and pigments from La Roche-à-Pierrot, Saint-Césaire.Publication . Bachellerie, François; Gravina, Brad; Rigaud, Solange; Dayet, Laure; Thomas, Marc; Lebreton, Loïc; Morin, Eugène; Lesage, Camille; Falguères, Christophe; Bard, Edouard; Bahain, Jean-Jacques; Baillet, Mickaël; Beauval, Cédric; Bordes, Jean-Guillaume; Culioli, Gérald; Devièse, Thibaut; Flas, Damien; Garbé, Lisa; Guérin, Guillaume; Lacrampe-Cuyaubère, François; Lahaye, Christelle; Mallol, Carolina; Marot, Josserand; Maureille, Bruno; Michel, Alexandre; Muth, Xavier; Regniers, Olivier; Tartar, Elise; Teyssandier, Nicolas; Thibeault, Adrien; Todisco, Dominique; Tombret, Olivier; Rougier, Hélène; Crevecoeur, IsabelleThe timing and mechanisms underlying the gradual replacement of Neanderthal populations by groups have elicited heated debate for decades. The Châtelperronian of France and northern Spain has figured prominently in these discussions. While the Neanderthal authorship of this techno-complex is far less certain than previously thought, the Châtelperronian is now generally accepted as being among the first genuine Upper Paleolithic industries in Eurasia rather than a "transitional" stone tool technology. Here, we report the first association of shell beads with Châtelperronian artifacts from new excavations at the site of La-Roche-à-Pierrot, Saint-Césaire (France), supported by a multiproxy spatial analysis that incorporates site formation processes. Similar types of personal ornaments are unknown from Middle Paleolithic contexts. Comparable examples have, however, been recovered from contexts penecontemporaneous with the Châtelperronian in south-eastern Europe and around the Mediterranean. This hitherto undocumented combination of an early Upper Paleolithic industry and shell beads provides insights into cultural variability in western Europe and raises the question as to whether the makers of the Châtelperronian were influenced by or formed part of the earliest dispersals of into the region.
- Raised from the ashes: geoarchaeological perspectives on house burning practices in an iberian iron age villagePublication . Tomé, Laura; Blanco-González, Antonio; Iriarte, Eneko; Carrancho, Ángel; García-Redondo, Natalia; Sossa-Ríos, Santiago; Sánchez-Polo, Alejandra; Martín-Seijo, María; Mallol, CarolinaBurnt houses are a recurrent phenomenon in the prehistoric archaeological record, yet the specific processes behind their burning—likely varying across time and place—remain poorly understood. This study focuses on a thoroughly studied dwelling (House 1) from the Iberian Early Iron Age settlement of Cerro de San Vicente and investigates site formation processes associated with its burning. To achieve this, we applied a multi-proxy geoarchaeological approach, integrating archaeological soil micromorphology—including charcoal analysis on thin sections—, magnetic properties analyses, XRD, XRF, and GIS-based morphological and spatial analyses of mudbricks. Our results suggest that House 1 experienced a high temperature fire, reaching temperatures of up to ~700 ◦C, which destroyed its roof, burnt its walls, and generated an ash deposit rich in combustion residues. Shortly thereafter, the house was deliberately infilled with burnt reused mudbricks, recycled both from its dismantled walls and potentially other buildings across the settlement. This practice likely served to raise the level of the house to compensate for midden accumulation in the surrounding transit areas while providing a foundation for new construction phases. These findings suggest that construction materials were reused over time according to context-specific cultural rationales, potentially reflecting elements of a prehistoric circular economy. This research enhances our understanding of settlement and socio-cultural dynamics at Cerro de San Vicente, while contributing to broader archaeological discussions on the roles of prehistoric house burning practices.
- Functional analysis of the lithic assemblage of Gombore IB (Melka Kunture, Ethiopia): looking for traces of use, but finding post-depositional problemsPublication . Bello-Alonso, Patricia; Serodio, Andrea; Marreiros, JoaoEarly Stone Age (ESA) archaeological complexes pose significant challenges for traceological analysis due to the preservation conditions of their contexts. At Gombore I (Melka Kunture, Ethiopia), lithic materials attributed to Level B are often associated with flood-prone or riparian zones, and thus subject to post-depositional alterations such as aeolian abrasion and trampling. Additionally, the diversity and nature of raw materials, mainly volcanic rocks like obsidian and basalt, further complicate use-wear studies. In this study we present preliminary findings from the Gombore IB lithic assemblage, which is attributed to the ESA, with significant levels associated with the Acheulean technocomplex. Initial sampling, based on visual inspection, prioritized artefacts deemed suitable for traceology. However, macro- and microscopic analyses revealed extensive surface alterations, limiting the preservation of use-wear traces and rendering traditional analysis unviable. Our research therefore focused on developing a broader analytical framework which could use these preservation issues for interpretations on site formation processes in the archaeological record. By employing dedicated experimental protocols to compare with the archaeological assemblage, this study establishes an initial use-wear pattern associated with postdepositional alteration. The lithic assemblage from Gombore IB offers valuable insights, which we apply to interpret the site’s formation processes. These data, in conjunction with spatial analyses, yield promising results and highlight the value of integrating preservation assessments into traceological studies, emphasizing the importance of context in interpreting ESA archaeological records.
- Geoarchaeological insights into a Neolithic combustion feature from Abric del Xicotó (northeastern Iberia)Publication . Fernández-Palacios, Enrique; Égüez, Natalia; González-Olivares, Cynthia; Herrera-Herrera, Antonio V.; Mallol, Carolina; Mangado, Xavier; Sánchez de la Torre, MartaThe Neolithic was a period of important cultural transformations across different regions. Applying state-ofthe-art geoarchaeological techniques to archaeological sites from this period has shown to contribute relevant data on site formation processes and occupation dynamics. Combined microcontextual and biomolecular analysis of archaeological combustion features helps us approach fuel use, often associated to dung residues in Neolithic contexts, which offer an insight into herding strategies. Here, we present micromorphological, microremains (fecal spherulites, ash pseudomorphs, and phytoliths), and biomarker data (n-alkanes, fecal sterols, and bile acids) obtained from a Neolithic combustion feature at Abric del Xicoto´ (Alo` s de Balaguer, Lleida, Spain). Preliminary data shed light on the functionality of the combustion feature, the presence of husbandry activity at the rockshelter, and the nature of the animals and their diet. This research adds detail to the existing Neolithic archaeological record of the northeastern Iberian Peninsula.
- Archery technology in the neolithic: management of the mediterranean mixed forest and woodworking activities at La Marmotta (Italy)Publication . L, Caruso Fermé; Monteiro, Patrícia; V, Brizzi; M, Mineo; G, Remolins; N, Mazzucco; B, Morell; F, Gibaja J.Although Neolithic communities were characterized by an agricultural economy, the presence of bows in their archaeological record demonstrates the persistence of hunting activities. At La Marmotta, an underwater Early Neolithic site located in Lake Bracciano (Anguillara Sabazia, Italy), a considerable assemblage of preserved wooden tools was discovered some of them related to hunting activities demonstrating their reliance on woodland resources for technological purposes. Since wood was the main raw material for ancient bows, understanding how it was exploited is fundamental for reconstructing archery technology in prehistory. Here, we present the archaeobotanical analyses of 19 wooden bows found in La Marmotta. Taxonomic analysis identified the wood used as Carpinus sp. (9), Viburnum lantana (6), Alnus sp. (1), Cornus sp. (1), Fraxinus sp. (1), and evergreen Quercus sp. (1). The mechanical properties of these species are compatible with the crafting and use of bows although they are not the most usual wood, as shown by the archaeological record of Neolithic bows. This taxonomic diversity suggests that there was not a specific selection of wood based on mechanical/physical properties, which is coherent with La Marmotta wood acquisition modalities for the production of other tools and structures.