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- Antimicrobial activity of different nanocellulose films embedded with thyme, cinnamon, and oregano essential oils for active packaging application on raspberriesPublication . Casalini, Sara; Baschetti, Marco G.; Cappelletti, Martina; Guerreiro, Adriana; Gago, Custódia; Nici, Silvia; Antunes, Maria DulceThe study focuses on the antimicrobial activity of nanocellulose films (NFC) embedded with thyme, cinnamon, and oregano essential oils for active packaging application. The activity against model pathogenic bacteria was first tested to obtain each oil's minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The tests showed that the surface area of the films and the quantity of essential oil strongly influenced the antimicrobial effect. Then, the different active packaging systems were tested directly on packed raspberries to study their actual commercial packaging conditions. Through 12 days of storage at 1 & DEG;C, it was observed that thyme and oregano essential oils were more effective in maintaining the firmness and reducing the weight loss of the fruits compared to cinnamon essential oil or the control; no significant effect was observed on the other quality parameters that were considered. The essential oils independently proved effective in preventing fungal growth. However, the combined impact of thyme+oregano (NAP_TO) demonstrated the best performance.
- Effect of storage time at low temperature on the volatile compound composition of Sevillana and Maravilla raspberriesPublication . Morales, M. L.; Callejon, R. M.; Ubeda, C.; Guerreiro, Adriana; Gago, Custódia; Miguel, Maria Graça; Antunes, Maria DulceIn this study, the effect of storage time at low temperature on volatile compounds in two cultivars of raspberry, Rubus idaeus L. cv. Sevillana and Maravilla, was determined. A total of 28 compounds were identified in both cultivars and showed quantitative differences between the cultivars. The Sevillana cultivar was richer in volatile compounds than the Maravilla cultivar. beta-Ionone had the highest concentration in both cultivars. We observed opposing trends in the volatile compound composition for the cultivars during storage at low temperature, in which 'Sevillana' lost compounds and 'Maravilla' was enriched. Therefore, storage at low temperature causes important changes in the volatile compound profile of raspberry, particularly the Sevillana cultivar, with significant decreases in C-13-norisoprenoids and increases in terpenes. These changes are most likely responsible for the aromatic differences between the cultivars because of the presence of terpenes in 'Sevillana' and C-13-norisoprenoids in 'Maravilla'. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
- The effect of alginate-based edible coatings enriched with essential oils constituents on Arbutus unedo L. fresh fruit storagePublication . Guerreiro, Adriana; Gago, Custódia; Faleiro, Leonor; Miguel, Maria Graça; Antunes, Maria DulceThe effect of coating Arbutus unedo fresh fruit with alginate-based edible coatings enriched with the essential oils compounds (EOC) eugenol (Eug) and citral (Cit) was studied. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against the main postharvest pathogens were determined for Eug and Cit giving values of 0.10 and 0.15 (w/v), respectively. Twelve formulations of edible coatings were used: sodium alginate (AL) was tested at 1 and 2% (w/v) with incorporation of Eug and Cit at MIC and double MIC or their combination at MIC. Arbutus berries were dipped in those solutions for 2 min, and then stored at 0.5 degrees C. Control consisted of uncoated fruit. On days 0, 14 and 28, samples were taken to perform physicochemical and biochemical analysis [color CIE (L*, h degrees), firmness, soluble solids content (SSC), weight Loss, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), microbial growth and taste panels]. Results showed that edible coatings of 1% AL were the best to maintain most quality attributes of the commodity through storage at 0.5 degrees C. The incorporation of Cit and Eug into the alginate edible coatings improved the coatings in most cases, AL 1% + Eug 0.20% and AL 1% + Cit 0.15% + Eug 0.10% being those that better preserved sensory and nutritional attributes and reduced microbial spoilage. Thus, these coatings may be useful for improving postharvest quality and storage life of fresh arbutus fruit. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
- Conservação do medronho em fresco e em geleiaPublication . Guerreiro, Adriana Cavaco; Antunes, Maria Dulce Carlos; Miguel, Maria da Graça Costa; Gago, Custódia Maria LuísO medronheiro (Arbutus unedo L.) é um arbusto nativo da região mediterrânica, estando distribuído por todo o território nacional. Na medicina tradicional, diversas partes da planta têm sido usadas, nomeadamente as folhas, frutos, casca e raízes, no tratamento de uma grande diversidade de doenças. Neste momento a utilização principal dos frutos do medronheiro é para aguardente de medronho, sendo de importância procurar meios para a sua valorização através de utilizações alternativas. Assim, este trabalho pretende contribuir para essa valorização, estudando a qualidade do fruto para utilização em fresco e em geleias. Para o estudo do fruto fresco e da geleia foram utilizadas amostras homogéneas de medronhos (Arbutus unedo. L), no estado óptimo de maturação à colheita definido pela coloração e pela firmeza apresentadas. No caso do fruto realizaram-se duas colheitas, em meados de Outubro (1ºEnsaio) e no final de Novembro (2ºEnsaio). Os frutos foram armazenados em cuvetes de polietileno expandido e cobertas por dois tipos de película, uma de polietileno linear de baixa densidade com 10 μm de espessura e outra película perfurada com 10 mm de diâmetro, tendo cada cuvete 8 furos. Cada cuvete continha 15 frutos e representava um replicado. Por fim, as cuvetes foram armazenadas em varias câmaras de refrigeração a 0ºC, 3ºC e 6ºC. Ao fim de 0, 3, 7 e 10 dias (1ºEnsaio) e 0, 4, 10 e 15 dias (2ºEnsaio), os frutos foram retirados para análise. Para o processo de fabrico da geleia foi utilizado 1 kg de Medronho, 500mL de água e 1 kg de açúcar. Foram feitos 2 tipos de geleia, tradicional ( só com medronho e açucar) e juntando-se ácido cítrico (0.1%) e pectina (1%). Após a transformação, a geleia foi armazenada em frascos de vidro, e procedeu-se à sua pasteurização. A geleia foi armazenada à temperatura ambiente e a 6ºC. As análises foram realizadas após 0, 2, 4 e 6 meses. Em todos os ensaios e após o tempo de armazenamento, foram analisadas as características qualitativas. Cor (L*, a*, b*), firmeza, ºBrix, actividade antioxidante pelos métodos TEAC (Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity), ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) e oxigénio singleto, compostos fenólicos (fenóis totais, antocioaninas, taninos), ácido ascórbico, carotonóides (β-Caroteno), açúcares (glucose e frutose) e etanol. Foram também feitos painéis de provadores.No caso da geleia efectuou-se ainda análise microbiológica (microrganismos mesófilos, psicrófilos e fungos e leveduras). A utilização dos frutos, para fresco ou para transformação, apresenta-se como uma alternativa viável de rendimento em complemento à produção de aguardente de medronho. Em relação à temperatura de conservação para frutos frescos verifica-se que a 0ºC apresenta resultados nas análises físicas e químicas mais estáveis ao longo do tempo de conservação, pelo que foi considerada a temperatura óptima de conservação.Quanto às películas utilizadas não se verificou diferenças significativas entre ambas, tendo em atenção o tempo máximo de conservação no presente estudo (15 dias). No caso da geleia de medronho, verifica-se que a geleia tradicional apresenta resultados nas análises físicas e químicas mais estáveis ao longo do tempo de conservação. Nesta situação a utilização de acido cítrico e pectina teve beneficio, pelo que não não se justifica a sua adição. Em relação à temperatura de conservação da geleia, não existe necessidade de coloca-la no frio (6ºC), podendo ser conservada à temperatura ambiente (20-23 ºC) pelo menos durante 6 meses.
- The effect of temperature and film covers on the storage ability of Arbutus unedo L. fresh fruitPublication . Guerreiro, Adriana; Gago, Custódia; Miguel, Maria Graça; Antunes, Maria DulceThe strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L) fruits are used in small quantities for fresh consumption despite their excellent flavor. The aim of this work was to evaluate the storage ability of strawberry tree fruits for fresh consumption. Harvested fruits were stored in polystyrene foam trays covered with two film types: linear low density polyethylene of 10 mu m thickness (PPL) or polyethylene film perforated with holes of 10 mm diameter spaced 50 mm (PP). Through 15 days storage at 0,3 and 6 degrees C, fruits were analyzed for quality parameters. The strawberry tree fruits presented relevant qualitative properties and were appreciated by panelists. Color parameters (L*, h degrees, C*) had higher decrease at 3 and 6 degrees C than at 0 degrees C. The degrees Brix almost did not change and firmness decreased mainly in the first 4 days storage. Ethanol and weight loss increased with temperature mostly from 3 to 6 degrees C. Strawberry tree fruits are a good source of ascorbic acid, glucose, fructose, anthocyanins and antioxidant activity. Those properties are maintained through 15 days storage at 0 degrees C followed by 3 degrees C. Film covers showed no significant differences between them. The temperature of 0 degrees C was the best for preservation of fruit quality through 15 days shelf-life. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
- Edible coatings enriched with essential oils on apples impair the survival of bacterial pathogens through a simulated gastrointestinal systemPublication . Vieira, Ana; Guerreiro, Adriana; Antunes, Maria Dulce; Miguel, Maria; Faleiro, Maria LeonorEdible coatings supplemented with essential oil components have been investigated to control spoilage microorganisms. In this study, the survival of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium on apples treated with edible coatings based on sodium alginate (2%) (ECs) and supplemented with essential oil components, namely eugenol (Eug) at 0.2% or in combination with 0.1% (v/v) of Eug and citral (Cit) at 0.15% was determined. Both bacterial pathogens were exposed on apples treated with ECs supplemented with Eug or Eug + Cit and challenged with gastrointestinal fluids and their survival was examined. Both pathogens were able to survive on the surface of 'Bravo de Esmolfe' apple. The use of ECs in fresh-cut fruits impaired the survival of both bacterial populations over 72 h at 4 °C. The exposure of the pathogens on apples with ECs supplemented with Eug and Cit and challenged with gastrointestinal fluids significantly reduced their survival. This study evidences that the use of alginate edible coating enriched with Eug or the combination of Eug and Cit can contribute to the safer consumption of minimally processed fruits.
- Effect of calcium chloride and 1-MCP (Smartfresh (TM)) postharvest treatment on 'Golden Delicious' apple cold storage physiological disordersPublication . Gago, Custódia; Guerreiro, Adriana; Miguel, Maria; Panagopoulos, Thomas; Silva, Manuela; Antunes, Maria DulceCalcium (Ca2+) and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) appear to have opposite effects on the development of bitter pit. However, both post-harvest treatments seem capable of influencing fruit ripening, reducing superficial scald and improving post-storage quality. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of calcium chloride and 1-MCP alone or combined on the incidence and development of physiological disorders and the delay of ripening of apples during storage (at 0.5 degrees C in air) and subsequent shelf-life at room temperature approximate to 22 degrees C. 'Golden Delicious' apples were harvested in 10 orchards and treated with calcium chloride (1.5%, w/v), 1-MCP (625 nL L-1), calcium chloride plus 1-MCP, and without any treatment (control). Physiological disorders and quality parameters were evaluated at harvest and after 6 months storage as well as after 7 d shelf-life. The 1-MCP treatment was effective to prevent superficial scald, slow softening, increase soluble solids content and reduce electrolyte leakage and color changes associated with ripening, during storage and shelf-life. However, this treatment also enhanced the development of bitter pit, especially the moderate and severe symptoms in some orchards, which may be attributable to orchard cultivation techniques. CaCl2 alone and CaCl2 plus 1-MCP reduced bitter pit intensity by reducing moderate and severe incidence, maintained higher lightness and had firmer fruit than control.Postharvest dips of 'Golden Delicious' apples in CaCl2 before 1-MCP application (CA + MCP), may be a good solution to prevent scald, and reducing the bitter pit which is enhanced by 1-MCP alone. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
- Nutritional characterization and storage ability of Salicornia ramosissima and Sarcocornia perennis for fresh vegetable saladsPublication . Antunes, Maria Dulce; Gago, Custódia; Guerreiro, Adriana; Sousa, Ana Rita; Julião, Miriam; Miguel, Maria Graca; Faleiro, Maria Leonor; Panagopoulos, ThomasThe aim of this work was to study the potential of two halophytes for fresh salads. Sarcocornia perennis (SAR) and Salicornia ramosissima (SAL) plant tips were harvested in May and July, and stored at 4 °C for 14 days. At harvest, mineral analyses (Na, K, Mg, Ca, P, N, Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd), chlorophyll content, protein, β-carotene and ascorbic acid were performed. Color (CIELab), phenolics, antioxidant activity and microbial contamination were measured at harvest and after 14 days storage at 4 °C, and a taste panel evaluated the products. SAL had generally slightly higher values of vitamin C, phenols and carotenoids than SAR. In SAR after 14 days of storage, the levels of phenols and the antioxidant activity were higher than at harvest, both in May and July. The opposite was observed for SAL. In this case, only the antioxidant activity was higher after 14 days of storage. Microbial contamination was very low, not reaching even half of critical limits. Both halophytes had good nutritional value, being suitable for use as fresh salads which can be stored for up to 14 days at 4 °C. SAR seems to be a better source of antioxidants, Ca and Fe than SAL and has less general quality and nutritional value changes from harvest time through cold storage. Fresh tips of both halophytes showed better appearance and nutritional quality when harvested in the early season (May) than at the end of the season (July).
- The influence of edible coatings enriched with citral and eugenol on the raspberry storage ability, nutritional and sensory qualityPublication . Guerreiro, Adriana; Gago, Custódia; Miguel, Maria; Faleiro, Maria Leonor; Antunes, Maria DulceDue to the high perishability of raspberry fruit, this work was undertaken to study the effect of alginate and pectin based edible coatings enriched with essential oils components on their storage ability. Four formulations of edible coatings, selected in a previous work, were used: sodium alginate (AL) at 2% + eugenol (Eug) 0.1%, AL 2% + citral (Cit) 0.15%, Pectin (PE) 1% + Eug 0.1% and PE 1% + Cit 0.15% + Eug 0.1%. At 0, 5, 10 and 15 d, samples were taken to perform analysis of colour, firmness, soluble solids content (SSC), weight loss, microbial growth, phenolic compounds (total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins), sugars, organic acids, antioxidant activity (TEAC and ORAC), acetaldehyde, CO2 production and sensory evaluation. Cytotoxicity of the edible coatings was also evaluated on THP-1 and Caco-2 cells. Results of this experiment showed that the edible coatings were not cytotoxic and generally did not significantly affect nutritional quality parameters. They were efficient in controlling microbial food spoilage. Acceptance by consumers of the coated raspberries was good up to 14 d, while control fruit were acceptable only till 7 d. The edible coating that best preserved quality was PE 1% + Cit 0.15% + Eug 0.1%. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
- Membrane fatty acids and physiological disorders in cold-stored ‘Golden Delicious’ apples treated with 1-MCP and calcium chloridePublication . Antunes, Maria Dulce; Guimarães, Ana Clara; Gago, Custódia; Guerreiro, Adriana; Panagopoulos, Jorge; Vilas Boas, Eduardo; Miguel, Maria da GraçaThe present research intents to study skin fatty acids and physiological disorders developed during cold storage in ‘Golden Delicious’ apples treated with 1-MCP and calcium. Harvested fruits were treated with calcium chloride (Ca), 1-MCP (MCP), Ca + MCP or no treatment (control) and then subjected to cold storage at 0.5 °C for 6 months. Fatty acids’ composition, malondialdehyde (MDA) and the physiological disorders bitter pit (BP), superficial scald and diffuse skin browning (DSB) were measured at harvest and after storage plus 7 days of shelf-life at room temperature ≈22 °C. Palmitic acid decreased and linoleic acid increased over time, while oleic and stearic acids had few changes. Generally, unsaturated/saturated fatty acids and MDA increased over the storage period. Treatment with Ca showed that, at the end of the experiment, the lowest MDA values and the highest unsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio were mainly due to higher linoleic and lower palmitic acids concentrations, which are coincident with less severe BP. There was no clear correlation between the measured fatty acids (palmitic, linoleic, oleic and stearic), unsaturated-to-saturated fatty acids ratio or MDA with chilling skin physiological disorders. Further research is needed to clarify the changes in membrane properties and the effect of some treatments in response to chilling injury during storage.